Research
Findings #20: Dental Services: Use, Expenses, and Sources of Payment,
1996-2000
by Erwin Brown, Jr., B.S., and Richard Manski,
D.D.S., M.B.A., Ph.D
Abstract
This report from the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality
(AHRQ) characterizes how the civilian noninstitutionalized population
used and paid for dental care from 1996 through 2000, using data
from the Medical Expenditure Panel Survey (MEPS). The percent of
people with any use of dental services each year as well as the average
number of visits per year are presented. Estimates include annual
expenses and sources of payment (including out-of-pocket amounts).
These estimates are presented for the total population as well as
for specific population groups categorized in terms of insurance
coverage, income, employment, and Census region. The report emphasizes
change over time.
The estimates in this report are based on the most recent data available
at the time the report was written. However, selected elements of
MEPS data may be revised on the basis of additional analyses, which
could result in slightly different estimates from those shown here.
Please check the MEPS Web site for the most current file releases.
Introduction
This report presents estimates from the
Medical Expenditure Panel Survey (MEPS) on the use of dental
services as well as expenses and payments for those services
from 1996 through 2000. MEPS is an ongoing annual survey of
the civilian noninstitutionalized population of the United
States. MEPS collects information on how Americans use and
pay for health care, their health insurance coverage, and
their access to and quality of health care. This report, presenting
data on use of and expenses for dental care, is similar to
earlier reports prepared with data from the 1987 National
Medical Expenditure Survey (Moeller and Levy, 1996; Hahn and
Lefkowitz, 1992). While estimates are presented for each year
from 1996 through 2000, the focus of this report is on the
2000 estimates and changes in dental use and expenses between
1996 and 2000.
Only differences
in estimates that are statistically significant at the p ≤ .05
level are discussed in the text. The technical appendix
provides substantial detail on
the sample design and definitions of measures used in this
report.
^top
Use
of Dental Care
In 2000, less than half (41.6
percent) of the civilian noninstitutionalized population of
the United States obtained dental care from a dentist, dental
technician, dental hygienist, dental surgeon, orthodontist,
endodontist, or periodontist (Table 1). From
1996 to 2000, the percent of people with a dental visit in
each year remained comparatively stable (Table
1).
In 2000, the mean number of
dental visits for people who received any dental care was
2.5 (Table 2). This translates
into about 290 million dental care visits, or an average of
about 1.0 visit per person in the civilian noninstitutionalized
population of 278.4 million people in 2000. From 1996
through 2000, the mean number of dental visits per person
remained stable (Table 2).
Demographic
Characteristics
In
2000, children under age 6 were the age group least likely
to receive dental care (21.1 percent), while those ages 6-18
were the most likely to use dental care (Table
1). Although overall the percent of the population
using any dental care remained stable during the 5-year period,
the proportion among adults ages 19-44 declined from 41.1
percent in 1996 to 38.3 percent in 2000 (Table
1).
During
2000, among people with any dental care during the year, the
average number of visits was higher for children ages 6-18
(2.9 visits), adults 45-64 (2.6 visits), and those 65 years
and over (2.8 visits) than for younger adults ages 19-44 (2.1
visits) or children under 6 (1.6 visits). Between
1996 and 2000, the average number of dental visits per person
remained relatively stable.
In
each year, females were more likely than males to use dental
services. For example, in 2000, 44.9 percent of females
had at least one dental visit, compared with 38.2 percent
of males (Table 1). In three of
the five years (2000, 1998, and 1997), females had a higher
mean number of total visits per person with a visit than males—2.6
and 2.4, respectively (Table 2).
A
higher proportion of whites (46.7 percent) than blacks (26.8
percent) or Hispanics (25.7 percent) had at least one dental
visit in 2000 (Table 1). The difference
between blacks and Hispanics in the proportion of the population
receiving dental care during 2000 is not significant. Among
people who received dental care during 2000, whites had more
visits per user (2.6) than either Hispanics (2.1) or blacks
(2.1). This relationship was observed in each year from
1996 through 2000 (Table 2).
Insurance
Coverage
In this report, insurance coverage
refers to general health insurance coverage and does not necessarily
reflect the presence of dental benefits. In 2000, people with
private insurance were more likely to have at least one dental
visit during the year (Table 1). Among
people under age 65, 47.8 percent of those with any private
insurance during 2000 had at least one dental visit, compared
to 28.9 percent of those with public insurance and only 19.2
percent of those who were uninsured for the full year. A similar
pattern was observed for people age 65 and over: 48.7 percent
of the elderly with private insurance as well as Medicare
had at least one dental visit, while 34.0 percent of those
with Medicare only and 17.1 percent of those with public insurance
in addition to Medicare received any dental care in 2000 (Table
1).
The relationship between any
use of dental care and insurance coverage generally remained
stable over the period 1996-2000. However, among people under
65 with private insurance, the percent receiving any dental
care declined from 50.0 percent in 1996 to 47.8 percent in
2000 (Table 1).
Income and Employment
In 2000, people with high or
middle family incomes were more likely to have a dental visit
(53.5 and 40.4 percent, respectively) than people with family
incomes categorized as low income, near poor, or poor (29.9,
26.7, and 25.7 percent, respectively; Table
1). The relationship between family income and the probability
of use exhibited a consistent pattern each year. However,
the likelihood of having a dental visit decreased from 1996
to 2000 for families with middle or high incomes: from 44.9
percent in 1996 to 40.4 percent in 2000 for people in middle-income
families and from 56.6 percent to 53.5 percent for people
in high-income families (Table 1). People
with family incomes categorized as poor had fewer mean visits
than those with higher family incomes—low income, middle income,
and high income (Table 2). The mean
number of visits per user for people in families below the
poverty line in 2000 was 2.0 visits. From 1996 through 2000,
the mean number of dental visits per person for each income
category remained stable (Table 2).
People 16 and over who were
employed during 2000 were more likely than their counterparts
who were not employed to have at least one dental visit (43.4
percent and 37.8 percent, respectively; Table
1). In contrast, in every year except 1999, the average
number of dental visits for people who had a visit was slightly
higher for people who were not employed than for those who
were employed (Table 2). The rate at
which employed people received any dental care declined from
45.8 percent in 1996 to 43.4 percent in 2000 (Table
1).
Region
The percent of people using
any dental services remained constant in each Census region
between 1996 and 2000. In 2000, residents of the West and
South were less likely to have at least one dental care visit
than people living in the Northeast and Midwest. During 2000,
people living in the Northeast had a higher average number
of visits per user (2.7) than people in all other regions.
^top
Expenses
and Sources of Payment
Annual
expenses and sources of payment are shown in Tables 3-7. In
2000, 115.8 million people in the civilian noninstitutionalized
population of the United States spent nearly 56 billion dollars
on dental care (not shown). The average dental expense
in 2000 for people with a visit was $480 (Table
7). This represents a 28-percent increase in spending
over the annual average expense in 1996 ($374; Table
3). About half of expenses for dental care were
paid out of pocket each year. These out-of-pocket payments
by self or family also accounted for the highest share of
payments each year, followed by private health insurance payments,
other sources, and Medicaid (Tables 3-7).
Demographic
Characteristics
Among
people using dental care during 2000, children ages 6-18 had
the highest total annual dental expense ($607), while children
under 6 had the lowest annual expense ($184). Medicaid
contributed about one-quarter of the payments for dental care
for children under 6–more than for any other age group. Out-of-pocket
contributions were highest among the elderly, who paid more
than three-quarters of their incurred expenses out of pocket. As
a percent of total expense for dental care, private health
insurance payments were lowest for the elderly (14.9 percent)
and highest for adults ages 19-44 (49.0 percent). Between
1996 and 2000, mean total expenses for people with a dental
visit increased significantly except for the elderly.
In
2000, there were no significant differences in mean dental
expenses between males and females. For persons with
a visit, mean expenses rose for both sexes between 1996 and
2000 (Tables 3 and 7). Average
expenses for males with a dental visit rose from $362 in 1996
to $449 in 2000. During the same period, expenses for
females rose from $384 to $505. Consistently over
the 5-year period, about half of expenses were paid out of
pocket for both sexes. Private health insurance was
the next largest payer, accounting for 40.2 percent of expenses
for males and 43.3 percent of expenses for females in 2000. A
similar ranking of payment sources was seen for all five years
(Tables 3-7).
During
2000, mean total dental expenses were lower for blacks ($343)
and Hispanics ($337) than whites ($506). In each of
the five years, expenses incurred by whites were higher than
those incurred by blacks. Whites had significantly higher
expenses than Hispanics in four of the five years from 1996
to 2000. In every year studied in this report, whites had
a lower percent of their expenses paid for by Medicaid than
either Hispanics or blacks.
Insurance
Status
Among
people under 65 who received dental services, those having
any private insurance coverage and those who were uninsured
for all of 2000 had higher mean dental expenses than people
with public insurance. Interestingly, while they were less
likely to receive dental services, the uninsured did not significantly
differ in mean dental expenses from the privately insured
population during 2000. Among people under 65, the uninsured
paid nearly 80 percent of their dental health expenses out
of pocket, with 20 percent coming from other sources. Medicaid
covered 66.4 percent of the expenses of people with public
insurance, while private health insurance picked up about
half the expenses incurred by people with private coverage
during 2000 (Table 7).
Over
the period 1996-2000, mean expenses increased for individuals
under 65 who were either privately or publicly insured (Tables
3 and 7). The distribution
of sources of payment exhibited a consistent pattern over
the time period.
Income
and Employment
During
2000, people in families with middle or high incomes had higher
mean total dental expenses than people in poor families (Table
7). Between 1996 and 2000, annual expenses for people
in low, middle, and high-income families increased. Mean
expenses also increased for people in poor and near-poor families
during that time period, but the difference was not statistically
significant.
Between
1996 and 2000, people in low and middle-income families experienced
a decrease in the proportion of their dental expenses paid
for by private health insurance. People in low-income
families saw the percent of their expenses paid for by private
insurance drop from 37.1 percent in 1996 to 24.4 percent in
2000. For these people, the percent paid out of pocket
was unchanged. For people in middle-income families, the percent
of dental expenses paid for by private insurance dropped from
44.9 percent to 40.0 percent.
Among
people 16 and over, average annual dental expenses increased
from 1996 to 2000 for both people who were employed with those
who were not (Tables 3 and 7). During
2000, employed people paid for less than half (47.0
percent) of their dental expenses out of pocket, while people
who were not employed paid for 63.7 percent of their dental
expenses out of pocket (Table 7). In
each of the five years, people who were not employed paid
a higher share of their annual dental expenses out of pocket
than those who were employed (Tables 3-7).
Region
Between
1996 and 2000, average annual dental expenses rose in each
of the four Census regions. There was a decline in the
portion of dental expenses paid for by private health insurance
in the Midwest: from more than half (51.4 percent) in 1996
to 45.7 percent in 2000.
^top
Out-of-Pocket Expenses
Out-of-pocket dental expenses
for 1996-2000 are shown in Tables 8-12. Between 1996 and 2000,
the average out-of-pocket expense for people with a dental
visit increased from $192 to $237. At the same time, the percent
of the population incurring no expense increased slightly,
from 30.2 percent to 31.6 percent. The percent of the population
incurring $200 or more in out-of-pocket expenses also increased
over the period, from 20.4 percent in 1996 to 23.0 percent
in 2000 (Tables 8 and 12)
Demographic
Characteristics
In 2000, children under 6 incurred
the lowest annual out-of-pocket expenses for dental care ($47)
and were the most likely to incur no expense at all (52.2
percent). People 65 and over had the highest annual out-of-pocket
expenses, an average of $400. Only 10.5 percent of the elderly
paid no out-of-pocket expenses for dental care, and 39.1 percent
paid $200 or more out of pocket (Table
12).
Also in 2000, while males and females had similar mean out-of-pocket expenses
and a similar distribution of out-of-pocket expenses, there were differences
by race and ethnicity. Because of their higher use of dental care and lower
rates of reimbursement from public programs (Tables 8-12 ), whites had higher
mean out-of-pocket expenses ($252) than either blacks ($138) or Hispanics ($174).
Whites were also less likely to incur no out-of-pocket expense and more likely
to have out-of-pocket expenses of $200 or more. These patterns were unchanged
over the 1996-2000 period.
Insurance
Status
During 2000, people under 65
with public insurance coverage only had lower out-of-pocket
expenses ($75) than either the uninsured ($322) or those with
private coverage ($220). Nearly four-fifths (79.5 percent)
of those with public coverage incurred no out-of-pocket expense,
although 7.3 percent incurred $200 or more in out-of-pocket
expenses.
Among people age 65 and over
who had dental care during 2000, those with Medicare only
had the highest level of out-of-pocket expenses ($550), while
those with Medicare and other public coverage had the lowest
($164). Among the elderly with only Medicare coverage who
had dental care, there was an increase in the average out-of-pocket
expenses for dental services: from $384 in 1996 to $550 in
2000 (Tables 8 and 12).
Income and Employment
During 2000, people in families
with incomes categorized as poor had the lowest level of out-of-pocket
dental expenses and were the most likely to incur no expense
out of pocket. Among people who used dental services in 2000,
there were no significant differences in the average out-of-pocket
expense for people in low, middle, and high-income families.
People ages 16 and over who
were employed had lower mean out-of-pocket expenses in 2000
and were more likely to incur no out-of-pocket expense at
all than people who were not employed. Mean out-of-pocket
expenses for dental services rose significantly from 1996
to 2000 for both employed and unemployed people (Tables
8 and 12).
Region
Average out-of-pocket expenses
for people with at least one dental visit in 2000 were highest
in the Northeast and lowest in the Midwest. Looking at the
proportion of people with no out-of-pocket expenses, it was
largest in the South (25.8 percent) and highest in the West
(38.8 percent). Residents of the South, Midwest, and West
who had a dental visit experienced a substantial increase
in their mean out-of-pocket expense from 1996 to 2000 (Tables
8 and 12). A decline in the percent
of residents who paid only $1-$99 out of pocket for dental
services was observed for the Midwest, South, and West from
1996 to 2000 (Tables 8 and 12).
^top
Summary
and Conclusions
About 42 percent of the civilian
noninstitutionalized population had at least one dental care
visit in 2000. This represents an average of 2.5 visits per
person with a visit, or about 1.0 visit per person overall.
The percent of the population with at least one dental visit
remained stable between 1996 and 2000.
Consistently, between 1996
and 2000, children ages 6-18 who had at least one visit annually
maintained high rates of use for dental services. In that
time period, among the elderly, people with private supplemental
coverage were more likely to use dental services than those
with Medicaid and Medicare or those with Medicare alone. Females
were more likely than males to use dental services. In each
of the years included in this report, whites had higher rates
of dental care use than either blacks or Hispanics.
Employed people were more likely
to use dental care than people who were unemployed. Employed
people also had a greater share of their expenses paid for
by private health insurance. Income, too, was related to use
of dental care. People in middle and high-income families
were the most likely to use dental care.
The mean expense per person
with a dental care visit in 2000 was $480, and almost half
(49.3 percent) of dental expenses were paid for out of pocket.
Private health insurance covered 42 percent, with Medicaid
and other sources picking up the remainder.
^top
References
Cohen J. Design and methods
of the Medical Expenditure Panel Survey Household Component.
Rockville (MD): Agency for Health Care Policy and Research;
1997. MEPS Methodology Report No. 1. AHCPR Pub. No. 97-0026.
Cohen S. Sample design of the
1996 Medical Expenditure Panel Survey Household Component.
Rockville (MD): Agency for Health Care Policy and Research;
1997. MEPS Methodology Report No. 2. AHCPR Pub. No. 97-0027.
Hahn B, Lefkowitz D. Annual
expenses and sources of payment for health care services.
Rockville (MD): Agency for Health Care Policy and Research;
1992. National Medical Expenditure Survey Research Findings
14. AHCPR Pub. No. 93-0007.
Moeller J, Levy H. Dental services:
a comparison of use, expenditures, and sources of payment,
1977 and 1987. Rockville (MD): Agency for Health Care Policy
and Research; 1996. AHCPR Pub. No. 96-0005.
Monheit A, Wilson R, Arnett
R. (Editors). Informing American health care policy. San Francisco:
Jossey-Bass, Inc.; 1999.
^top
Tables
| Table 1. Dental
services: Annual percent of population with
a visit, by selected population characteristics,
United States, 1996-2000 |
| |
1996
|
1997
|
1998
|
1999
|
2000
|
Population
characteristic |
Total
population in thousands |
Percent with a visit |
Total population in thousands |
Percent with a visit |
Total population in thousands |
Percent with a visit |
Total population in thousands |
Percent with a visit |
Total population in thousands |
Percent with a visit |
| Total |
268,905 |
42.9 |
271,279 |
41.8 |
273,534 |
42.4 |
276,411 |
43.1 |
278,406 |
41.6 |
| Age
in years |
| Under
6 |
23,861 |
21.1 |
23,791 |
18.5 |
23,732 |
21.7 |
23,849 |
19.8 |
24,126 |
21.1 |
| 6-18 |
51,465 |
52.4 |
51,846 |
51.5 |
52,838 |
51.5 |
52,834 |
51.9 |
52,502 |
52.7 |
| 19-44 |
105,318 |
41.1 |
105,160 |
40.2 |
104,625 |
39.9 |
104,913 |
41.2 |
104,924 |
38.3 |
| 45-64 |
54,212 |
48.8 |
56,295 |
47.2 |
58,029 |
48.8 |
0,139 |
48.2 |
62,072 |
46.4 |
| 65
and over |
34,050 |
40.3 |
34,185 |
39.4 |
34,309 |
39.6 |
34,676 |
42.1 |
34,782 |
40.5 |
| Sex |
| Male |
131,527 |
39.7 |
132,605 |
38.6 |
133,614 |
38.8 |
134,603 |
39.4 |
135,882 |
38.2 |
| Female |
137,379 |
46 |
138,673 |
44.9 |
139,919 |
45.8 |
141,808 |
46.6 |
142,524 |
44.9 |
| Race/ethnicity |
| White
and othera |
205,258 |
47.8 |
206,082 |
46.6 |
207,018 |
47.4 |
208,599 |
48.5 |
209,401 |
46.7 |
| Black |
33,668 |
26.1 |
34,086 |
26.3 |
34,458 |
28.2 |
34,781 |
27.8 |
35,049 |
26.8 |
| Hispanic |
29,979 |
28.5 |
31,111 |
26.8 |
32,058 |
25.7 |
33,031 |
25 |
33,955 |
25.7 |
| Insurance
status |
| Under
age 65: |
| Any
privateb |
174,231 |
50 |
176,046 |
48.5 |
178,020 |
49.9 |
184,520 |
49.6 |
182,658 |
47.8 |
| Public
only |
27,845 |
28.1 |
27,743 |
27.6 |
28,918 |
27.7 |
27,148 |
26.8 |
28,622 |
28.9 |
| Uninsured |
32,780 |
20.4 |
33,304 |
20.8 |
32,286 |
17.1 |
30,067 |
18.7 |
32,344 |
19.2 |
| Age
65 and over: |
| Medicare
only |
7,535 |
31.8 |
8,550 |
31.9 |
10,123 |
35.4 |
10,853 |
33.6 |
11,515 |
34 |
| Medicare
and private |
22,811 |
47.1 |
22,028 |
46 |
19,835 |
46.9 |
19,884 |
50.8 |
19,570 |
48.7 |
| Medicare
and other public |
3,555 |
16.1 |
3,434 |
16.1 |
4,200 |
15.7 |
3,808 |
21.1 |
3,568 |
17.1 |
| Incomec |
| Poor |
38,298 |
26.2 |
36,415 |
24.2 |
35,303 |
26 |
32,795 |
26.7 |
32,356 |
25.7 |
| Near
poor |
12,946 |
25.6 |
12,233 |
24.7 |
11,611 |
27.1 |
12,322 |
26.8 |
12,414 |
26.7 |
| Low
income |
40,460 |
29.9 |
38,723 |
31.5 |
36,826 |
27 |
38,928 |
26.7 |
37,751 |
29.9 |
| Middle
income |
88,262 |
44.9 |
89,981 |
42.1 |
88,324 |
42 |
86,182 |
42.1 |
90,306 |
40.4 |
| High
income |
88,939 |
56.6 |
93,926 |
54.8 |
101,470 |
55.8 |
106,184 |
56.8 |
105,578 |
53.5 |
| Employment
statusd |
| Employed |
132,355 |
45.8 |
134,556 |
45 |
135,425 |
45.2 |
138,999 |
45.8 |
140,017 |
43.4 |
| Not
employed |
73,440 |
39 |
73,648 |
37.4 |
74,874 |
38.5 |
73,077 |
39.1 |
74,011 |
37.8 |
| Census
region |
| Northeast |
51,965 |
44.4 |
52,394 |
43.8 |
52,503 |
44.1 |
51,867 |
46.1 |
52,636 |
46.9 |
| Midwest |
62,673 |
49.3 |
63,090 |
47.3 |
63,871 |
48.3 |
64,230 |
47.7 |
64,536 |
46.2 |
| South |
93,901 |
37.6 |
94,929 |
35.9 |
95,475 |
37.1 |
97,176 |
38.4 |
97,373 |
36.9 |
| West |
60,366 |
43.4 |
60,865 |
43.5 |
61,685 |
43 |
63,138 |
43 |
63,861 |
39.8 |
| a Includes
all other ethnic/racial groups not shown separately. |
| b Includes
population with private and public coverage. |
| c Poor
refers to persons living in families with incomes below
the Federal poverty line; near poor, over the poverty
line through 125 percent of the poverty line; low income,
over 125 percent through 200 percent of the poverty
line; middle income, over 200 percent through 400 percent
of the poverty line; and high income, over 400 percent
of the poverty line. |
| d For
individuals ages 16 and over. |
| Source: Center
for Financing, Access, and Cost Trends, Agency for Healthcare
Research and Quality: Medical Expenditure Panel Survey,
1996-2000. |
| Table
2. Dental services: Annual total mean visits
per person with a visit, by selected population
characteristics, United States, 1996-2000 |
| |
1996
|
1997
|
1998
|
1999
|
2000
|
Population
characteristic |
Population
with a visit in thousands |
Mean
visits per person with a visit |
Population with a visit in thousands |
Mean visits per person with a visit |
Population with a visit in thousands |
Mean visits per person with a visit |
Population with a visit in thousands |
Mean visits per person with a visit |
Population with a visit in thousands |
Mean visits per person |
| Total |
115,429 |
2.6 |
113,380 |
2.5 |
115,985 |
2.5 |
119,002 |
2.5 |
115,819 |
2.5 |
| Age
in years |
| Under
6 |
5,027 |
1.5 |
4,406 |
1.6 |
5,150 |
1.6 |
4,725 |
1.5 |
5,087 |
1.6 |
|
6-18 |
26,975 |
3 |
26,718 |
2.9 |
27,199 |
2.8 |
27,413 |
2.9 |
27,669 |
2.9 |
| 19-44 |
43,254 |
2.2 |
42,229 |
2.2 |
41,728 |
2.2 |
43,268 |
2.2 |
40,165 |
2.1 |
| 45-64 |
26,464 |
2.7 |
26,564 |
2.7 |
28,331 |
2.6 |
29,004 |
2.6 |
28,822 |
2.6 |
| 65
and over |
13,709 |
2.9 |
13,464 |
2.9 |
13,577 |
2.8 |
14,591 |
2.8 |
14,076 |
2.8 |
| Sex |
| Male |
52,198 |
2.5 |
51,122 |
2.4 |
51,864 |
2.4 |
52,976 |
2.4 |
51,851 |
2.4 |
| Female |
63,231 |
2.6 |
62,259 |
2.6 |
64,122 |
2.6 |
66,026 |
2.5 |
63,968 |
2.6 |
| Race/ethnicity |
| White
and othera |
98,108 |
2.6 |
96,082 |
2.6 |
98,025 |
2.6 |
101,077 |
2.5 |
97,697 |
2.6 |
| Black |
8,777 |
2 |
8,974 |
2.1 |
9,711 |
2 |
9,652 |
2.1 |
9,408 |
2.1 |
| Hispanic |
8,545 |
2.2 |
8,324 |
2.3 |
8,249 |
2.2 |
8,273 |
2.3 |
8,714 |
2.1 |
| Insurance
status |
| Under
age 65: |
| Any
privateb |
87,197 |
2.6 |
85,324 |
2.5 |
88,870 |
2.5 |
91,523 |
2.5 |
87,258 |
2.5 |
| Public
only |
7,834 |
2 |
7,652 |
2.1 |
8,004 |
2 |
7,263 |
2.1 |
8,277 |
2.3 |
| Uninsured |
6,689 |
2.4 |
6,940 |
2.1 |
5,534 |
2.5 |
5,624 |
2.2 |
6,208 |
2.2 |
| Age
65 and over: |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Medicare
only |
2,400 |
3.1 |
2,726 |
3 |
3,585 |
2.6 |
3,644 |
2.5 |
3,911 |
2.9 |
| Medicare
and private |
10,737 |
2.9 |
10,142 |
2.9 |
9,310 |
2.9 |
10,110 |
2.9 |
9,529 |
2.7 |
| Medicare
and other public |
572 |
2.4 |
553 |
2.3 |
661 |
2.7 |
804 |
3.3 |
608 |
3.2 |
| Incomec |
| Poor |
10,043 |
2.1 |
8,807 |
2.3 |
9,187 |
2.2 |
8,749 |
2.2 |
8,309 |
2 |
| Near
poor |
3,310 |
2.4 |
3,017 |
2 |
3,142 |
2.1 |
3,299 |
2.1 |
3,311 |
2.7 |
| Low
income |
12,113 |
2.4 |
12,185 |
2.2 |
9,936 |
2.3 |
10,376 |
2.4 |
11,275 |
2.5 |
| Middle
income |
39,650 |
2.6 |
37,869 |
2.6 |
37,093 |
2.5 |
36,292 |
2.4 |
36,461 |
2.4 |
| High
income |
50,313 |
2.7 |
51,503 |
2.7 |
56,625 |
2.6 |
60,285 |
2.6 |
56,464 |
2.6 |
| Employment
statusd |
| Employed |
60,600 |
2.4 |
60,494 |
2.4 |
61,189 |
2.4 |
63,731 |
2.4 |
60,813 |
2.3 |
| Not
employed |
28,624 |
2.7 |
27,559 |
2.7 |
28,838 |
2.6 |
28,578 |
2.6 |
27,967 |
2.7 |
| Census
region |
| Northeast |
23,065 |
2.7 |
22,957 |
2.7 |
23,178 |
2.5 |
23,934 |
2.7 |
24,703 |
2.7 |
| Midwest |
30,906 |
2.4 |
29,840 |
2.5 |
30,866 |
2.5 |
30,633 |
2.4 |
29,827 |
2.4 |
| South |
35,276 |
2.5 |
34,098 |
2.5 |
35,447 |
2.4 |
37,277 |
2.4 |
35,902 |
2.4 |
| West |
26,183 |
2.6 |
26,486 |
2.5 |
26,494 |
2.6 |
27,157 |
2.5 |
25,387 |
2.5 |
| a Includes
all other ethnic/racial groups not shown separately. |
| b Includes
population with private and public coverage. |
| c Poor
refers to persons living in families with incomes below
the Federal poverty line; near poor, over the poverty
line through 125 percent of the poverty line; low income,
over 125 percent through 200 percent of the poverty
line; middle income, over 200 percent through 400 percent
of the poverty line; and high income, over 400 percent
of the poverty line. |
| d For
individuals ages 16 and over. |
| Source: Center
for Financing, Access, and Cost Trends, Agency for Healthcare
Research and Quality: Medical Expenditure Panel Survey,
1996-2000. |
| Table
3. Dental
services: Mean expense per person with a visit and
percent distribution of sources of payment, by selected
population characteristics, United States, 1996 |
| |
|
Source
of payment
|
Population
characteristic |
Population with a visit in thousands |
Mean expense per person with a visit |
Out of pocket |
Private health insurance |
Medicaid |
Othera |
| |
Percent
distribution
|
Total |
115,429 |
374 |
51.5 |
42.5 |
2.8 |
3.2 |
| Age
in years |
| Under
6 |
5,027 |
124 |
35.1 |
47.9 |
14.2 |
2.8 |
|
6-18 |
26,975 |
421 |
47.7 |
44.4 |
4.5 |
3.4 |
| 19-44 |
43,254 |
321 |
45.4 |
49.6 |
2.8 |
2.1 |
| 45-64 |
26,464 |
425 |
51.1 |
44.3 |
1.6 |
3 |
| 65
and over |
13,709 |
438 |
75.1 |
8.4 |
*0.8 |
5.7 |
| Sex |
| Male |
52,198 |
362 |
50.6 |
42.9 |
2.8 |
3.6 |
| Female |
63,231 |
384 |
52.1 |
42.1 |
2.9 |
2.9 |
| Race/ethnicity |
| White
and otherb |
98,108 |
385 |
52.2 |
42.8 |
2.1 |
2.9 |
| Black |
8,777 |
299 |
46.6 |
40 |
7.7 |
5.7 |
| Hispanic |
8,545 |
317 |
45.5 |
40.3 |
8.5 |
5.7 |
| Insurance
status |
| Under
age 65: |
| Any
privatec |
87,197 |
382 |
46.5 |
51.7 |
*0.3 |
1.5 |
| Public
only |
7,834 |
198 |
26 |
0 |
69.3 |
*4.7 |
| Uninsured |
6,689 |
339 |
79 |
0 |
0 |
21 |
| Age
65 and over: |
| Medicare
only |
2,400 |
457 |
84.1 |
0 |
0 |
15.9 |
| Medicare
and private |
10,737 |
434 |
73.5 |
23.7 |
0 |
*2.8 |
| Medicare
and other public |
572 |
431 |
65.7 |
0 |
*18.3 |
*16.0 |
| Incomed |
| Poor |
10,043 |
268 |
45.4 |
16.1 |
32.3 |
6.2 |
| Near
poor |
3,310 |
283 |
56.8 |
23.5 |
*14.2 |
*5.4 |
| Low
income |
12,113 |
282 |
58.2 |
37.1 |
*2.4 |
2.2 |
| Middle
income |
39,650 |
384 |
50.8 |
44.9 |
*0.7 |
3.6 |
| High
income |
50,313 |
415 |
51.4 |
45.8 |
*0.1 |
2.6 |
| Employment
statuse |
| Employed |
60,600 |
372 |
46.9 |
49.4 |
*0.9 |
2.7 |
| Not
employed |
28,624 |
400 |
64 |
27.8 |
4.2 |
4 |
| Census
region |
| Northeast |
23,065 |
440 |
56.1 |
38 |
2.9 |
2.9 |
| Midwest |
30,906 |
313 |
44.6 |
51.4 |
1.7 |
2.2 |
| South |
35,276 |
340 |
59.3 |
34.5 |
3 |
3.1 |
| West |
26,183 |
433 |
44.9 |
47.2 |
3.5 |
4.5 |
|
a Includes
the Department of Veterans Affairs; CHAMPUS or TRICARE
(Armed-Forces-related coverage); Indian Health Service;
military treatment facilities; Federal, State, and local
programs other than Medicaid; and other kinds of insurance
not specified. |
| b Includes
all other ethnic/racial groups not shown separately. |
| c Includes
population with private and public coverage. |
| d Poor
refers to persons living in families with incomes below
the Federal poverty line; near poor, over the poverty
line through 125 percent of the poverty line; low income,
over 125 percent through 200 percent of the poverty line;
middle income, over 200 percent through 400 percent of
the poverty line; and high income, over 400 percent of
the poverty line. |
| e For
individuals ages 16 and over. |
| *
Relative standard error is greater than or equal to 30
percent. |
| Note: Percents
may not add to 100 because of rounding. |
| Source: Center
for Financing, Access, and Cost Trends, Agency for Healthcare
Research and Quality: Medical Expenditure Panel Survey,
1996-2000. |
| Table
4. Dental
services: Mean expense per person with a visit and
percent distribution of sources of payment, by selected
population characteristics, United States, 1997 |
| |
|
Source
of payment
|
Population
characteristic |
Population
with a visit in
thousands |
Mean
expense
per person
with a visit |
Out
of
pocket |
Private
health
insurance |
Medicaid |
Othera |
| |
Percent
distribution
|
| Total |
113,380 |
392 |
51.1 |
41.5 |
3 |
4.4 |
| Age
in years |
| Under
6 |
4,406 |
143 |
28.7 |
45 |
22.6 |
3.6 |
|
6-18 |
26,718 |
408 |
47.7 |
41.4 |
6.3 |
4.6 |
| 19-44 |
42,229 |
353 |
44.9 |
49.1 |
2.1 |
3.9 |
| 45-64 |
26,564 |
461 |
53.8 |
42.3 |
1 |
2.9 |
| 65
and over |
13,464 |
431 |
70.3 |
20 |
*1.4 |
8.3 |
| Sex |
| Male |
51,122 |
378 |
52.7 |
40.1 |
2.6 |
4.6 |
| Female |
62,259 |
404 |
49.9 |
42.5 |
3.3 |
4.2 |
| Race/ethnicity |
| White
and otherb |
96,082 |
403 |
52.1 |
41.7 |
2.1 |
4.1 |
| Black |
8,974 |
281 |
45.7 |
37.6 |
10.4 |
6.2 |
| Hispanic |
8,324 |
388 |
43.4 |
41.1 |
9 |
6.4 |
| Insurance
status |
| Under
age 65: |
|
|
|
|
|
| Any
privatec |
85,324 |
409 |
47.8 |
49.6 |
*0.4 |
2.2 |
| Public
only |
7,652 |
216 |
23.1 |
0 |
68 |
8.9 |
| Uninsured |
6,940 |
310 |
73.8 |
0 |
0 |
26.2 |
| Age
65 and over: |
|
|
|
|
|
| Medicare
only |
2,726 |
485 |
78.4 |
0 |
0 |
*21.6 |
| Medicare
and private |
10,142 |
425 |
68.6 |
27 |
*0.4 |
4 |
| Medicare
and other public |
553 |
307 |
*49.3 |
0 |
*38.7 |
12 |
| Incomed |
| Poor |
8,807 |
336 |
40.9 |
17.4 |
35.6 |
6.2 |
| Near
poor |
3,017 |
264 |
53.3 |
28.8 |
9.6 |
*8.3 |
| Low
income |
12,185 |
324 |
57 |
31.4 |
3.1 |
8.4 |
| Middle
income |
37,869 |
361 |
50.7 |
43.8 |
0.4 |
5 |
| High
income |
51,503 |
449 |
51.6 |
45.3 |
*0.2 |
2.9 |
| Employment
statuse |
| Employed |
60,494 |
401 |
48.5 |
47 |
0.8 |
3.6 |
| Not
employed |
27,559 |
406 |
60.3 |
29.3 |
3.7 |
6.7 |
| Census
region |
| Northeast |
22,957 |
404 |
56.6 |
36.2 |
4 |
3.2 |
| Midwest |
29,840 |
347 |
49.2 |
44.3 |
2.3 |
4.2 |
| South |
34,098 |
383 |
54.7 |
38.6 |
2.2 |
4.4 |
| West |
26,486 |
446 |
44.5 |
46.3 |
3.8 |
5.4 |
|
a Includes
the Department of Veterans Affairs; CHAMPUS or TRICARE
(Armed-Forces-related coverage); Indian Health Service;
military treatment facilities; Federal, State, and
local programs other than Medicaid; and other kinds
of insurance not specified. |
| b Includes
all other ethnic/racial groups not shown separately. |
| c Includes
population with private and public coverage. |
| d Poor
refers to persons living in families with incomes below
the Federal poverty line; near poor, over the poverty
line through 125 percent of the poverty line; low income,
over 125 percent through 200 percent of the poverty
line; middle income, over 200 percent through 400 percent
of the poverty line; and high income, over 400 percent
of the poverty line. |
| e For
individuals ages 16 and over. |
| *
Relative standard error is greater than or equal to
30 percent. |
| Note: Percents
may not add to 100 because of rounding. |
| Source: Center
for Financing, Access, and Cost Trends, Agency for Healthcare
Research and Quality: Medical Expenditure Panel Survey,
1996-2000. |
| Table
5. Dental
services: Mean expense per person with a visit and
percent distribution of sources of payment, by selected
population characteristics, United States, 1998 |
| |
|
Source
of payment
|
Population
characteristic |
Population
with a visit in
thousands |
Mean
expense
per person
with a visit |
Out
of
pocket |
Private
health
insurance |
Medicaid |
Othera |
| |
Percent
distribution
|
| Total |
115,985 |
423 |
51.7 |
41.7 |
3.1 |
3.6 |
| Age
in years |
| Under
6 |
5,150 |
150 |
29.1 |
46.6 |
20 |
*4.2 |
|
6-18 |
27,199 |
449 |
42.2 |
49.1 |
6.4 |
2.4 |
| 19-44 |
41,728 |
378 |
48.2 |
46 |
2.5 |
3.3 |
| 45-64 |
28,331 |
483 |
52.2 |
42.7 |
1 |
4.1 |
| 65
and over |
13,577 |
485 |
79.1 |
14.8 |
*0.4 |
5.6 |
| Sex |
| Male |
51,864 |
412 |
50.3 |
42.3 |
3.1 |
4.3 |
| Female |
64,122 |
432 |
52.7 |
41.2 |
3 |
3.1 |
| Race/ethnicity |
| White
and otherb |
98,025 |
440 |
52.4 |
42.2 |
1.9 |
3.5 |
| Black |
9,711 |
309 |
44.9 |
39.6 |
10.4 |
5 |
| Hispanic |
8,249 |
349 |
47.7 |
36.1 |
12 |
4.3 |
| Insurance
status |
| Under
age 65: |
| Any
privatec |
88,870 |
430 |
45.9 |
50.9 |
0.4 |
2.8 |
| Public
only |
8,004 |
216 |
19.2 |
0 |
76.5 |
4.3 |
| Uninsured |
5,534 |
449 |
90 |
0 |
0 |
10 |
| Age
65 and over: |
| Medicare
only |
3,585 |
493 |
85.2 |
0 |
0 |
14.8 |
| Medicare
and private |
9,310 |
497 |
77 |
21.1 |
*0.0 |
1.9 |
| Medicare
and other public |
661 |
284 |
74.5 |
0 |
*14.1 |
*11.4 |
| Incomed |
| Poor |
9,187 |
311 |
50.8 |
11.7 |
32.4 |
5.2 |
| Near
poor |
3,142 |
291 |
59.2 |
22 |
*17.9 |
*1.0 |
| Low
income |
9,938 |
368 |
61.9 |
26.5 |
7.3 |
*4.3 |
| Middle
income |
37,093 |
407 |
53.6 |
42.3 |
0.8 |
3.3 |
| High
income |
56,625 |
468 |
49 |
47.3 |
0.1 |
3.6 |
| Employment
statuse |
| Employed |
61,189 |
423 |
48.4 |
47.6 |
0.9 |
3.1 |
| Not
employed |
28,838 |
450 |
66.6 |
24.5 |
3.5 |
5.4 |
| Census
region |
| Northeast |
23,178 |
447 |
52.6 |
39.7 |
3.8 |
3.9 |
| Midwest |
30,866 |
352 |
46.2 |
49 |
1.7 |
3 |
| South |
35,447 |
402 |
58.3 |
35.4 |
1.9 |
4.4 |
| West |
26,494 |
512 |
48.3 |
43.9 |
4.7 |
3 |
|
a Includes
the Department of Veterans Affairs; CHAMPUS or TRICARE
(Armed-Forces-related coverage); Indian Health Service;
military treatment facilities; Federal, State, and
local programs other than Medicaid; and other kinds
of insurance not specified. |
| b Includes
all other ethnic/racial groups not shown separately. |
| c Includes
population with private and public coverage. |
| d Poor
refers to persons living in families with incomes below
the Federal poverty line; near poor, over the poverty
line through 125 percent of the poverty line; low income,
over 125 percent through 200 percent of the poverty
line; middle income, over 200 percent through 400 percent
of the poverty line; and high income, over 400 percent
of the poverty line. |
| e For
individuals ages 16 and over. |
| *
Relative standard error is greater than or equal to
30 percent. |
| Note: Percents
may not add to 100 because of rounding. |
| Source: Center
for Financing, Access, and Cost Trends, Agency for Healthcare
Research and Quality: Medical Expenditure Panel Survey,
1996-2000. |
| Table
6. Dental services: Mean expense per person
with a visit and percent distribution of sources
of payment, by selected population characteristics,
United States, 1999 |
| |
|
Source
of payment
|
Population
characteristic |
Population
with a visit in
thousands |
Mean
expense
per person
with a visit |
Out
of
pocket |
Private
health
insurance |
Medicaid |
Othera |
| |
Percent
distribution
|
| Total |
119,002 |
439 |
50.2 |
42.7 |
3.1 |
4 |
| Age
in years |
| Under
6 |
4,725 |
151 |
30.2 |
41.6 |
*24.9 |
*3.4 |
|
6-18 |
27,413 |
491 |
45 |
46 |
5.5 |
3.5 |
| 19-44 |
43,268 |
372 |
44.1 |
48.8 |
3.2 |
3.9 |
| 45-64 |
29,004 |
513 |
50.1 |
45.2 |
0.7 |
4 |
| 65
and over |
14,591 |
483 |
76.1 |
17.6 |
*0.9 |
5.3 |
| Sex |
| Male |
52,976 |
434 |
49.7 |
42.9 |
3.2 |
4.2 |
| Female |
66,026 |
443 |
50.6 |
42.6 |
3 |
3.8 |
| Race/ethnicity |
| White
and otherb |
101,077 |
452 |
51.2 |
42.4 |
2.4 |
3.9 |
| Black |
9,652 |
337 |
36.6 |
51.1 |
8.8 |
*3.5 |
| Hispanic |
8,273 |
391 |
48.8 |
39.5 |
6.2 |
5.6 |
| Insurance
status |
| Under
age 65: |
| Any
privatec |
91,523 |
452 |
45.4 |
51 |
*0.6 |
3.1 |
| Public
only |
7,263 |
263 |
24.7 |
0 |
68 |
*7.3 |
| Uninsured |
5,624 |
339 |
84 |
0 |
0 |
16 |
| Age
65 and over: |
| Medicare
only |
3,644 |
515 |
92.1 |
0 |
0 |
7.9 |
| Medicare
and private |
10,110 |
482 |
70.3 |
25.5 |
0 |
4.1 |
| Medicare
and other public |
804 |
276 |
61 |
0 |
*28.8 |
*10.2 |
| Incomed |
| Poor |
8,749 |
328 |
45.3 |
21.5 |
27.6 |
5.6 |
| Near
poor |
3,299 |
274 |
59.3 |
11.2 |
24.1 |
*5.4 |
| Low
income |
10,376 |
360 |
54.4 |
31.4 |
8.5 |
5.7 |
| Middle
income |
36,292 |
426 |
50.2 |
43.6 |
*1.5 |
4.6 |
| High
income |
60,285 |
485 |
49.8 |
46.8 |
*0.1 |
3.3 |
| Employment
statuse |
| Employed |
63,731 |
440 |
47.3 |
47.9 |
1 |
3.8 |
| Not
employed |
28,578 |
434 |
63.3 |
28 |
3.9 |
4.8 |
| Census
region |
| Northeast |
23,934 |
507 |
53.4 |
38.4 |
4.2 |
4 |
| Midwest |
30,633 |
378 |
46.2 |
48.3 |
1.2 |
4.2 |
| South |
37,277 |
391 |
53.8 |
40.5 |
2.2 |
3.4 |
| West |
27,157 |
511 |
46.8 |
44.2 |
4.5 |
4.4 |
|
a Includes
the Department of Veterans Affairs; CHAMPUS or TRICARE
(Armed-Forces-related coverage); Indian Health Service;
military treatment facilities; Federal, State, and
local programs other than Medicaid; and other kinds
of insurance not specified. |
| b Includes
all other ethnic/racial groups not shown separately. |
| c Includes
population with private and public coverage. |
| d Poor
refers to persons living in families with incomes below
the Federal poverty line; near poor, over the poverty
line through 125 percent of the poverty line; low income,
over 125 percent through 200 percent of the poverty
line; middle income, over 200 percent through 400 percent
of the poverty line; and high income, over 400 percent
of the poverty line. |
| e For
individuals ages 16 and over. |
| *
Relative standard error is greater than or equal to
30 percent. |
| Note: Percents
may not add to 100 because of rounding. |
| Source: Center
for Financing, Access, and Cost Trends, Agency for Healthcare
Research and Quality: Medical Expenditure Panel Survey,
1996-2000. |
| Table
7.Dental
services: Mean expense per person with a visit and
percent distribution of sources of payment, by selected
population characteristics, United States, 2000 |
| |
|
Source
of payment
|
Population
characteristic |
Population
with a visit in
thousands |
Mean
expense
per person
with a visit |
Out
of
pocket |
Private
health
insurance |
Medicaid |
Othera |
| |
Percent
distribution
|
| Total |
115,819 |
480 |
49.3 |
42 |
4 |
4.6 |
| Age
in years |
| Under
6 |
5,087 |
184 |
25.4 |
42.3 |
25.6 |
*6.7 |
|
6-18 |
27,669 |
607 |
44 |
47.5 |
6.4 |
2.1 |
| 19-44 |
40,165 |
388 |
41.9 |
49 |
*4.6 |
4.5 |
| 45-64 |
28,822 |
516 |
51.2 |
41.9 |
1.1 |
5.8 |
| 65
and over |
14,076 |
522 |
76.7 |
14.9 |
0.4 |
7.9 |
| Sex |
| Male |
51,851 |
449 |
49.8 |
40.2 |
*4.6 |
5.4 |
| Female |
63,968 |
505 |
49 |
43.3 |
3.6 |
4 |
| Race/ethnicity |
| White
and otherb |
97,697 |
506 |
49.8 |
42.1 |
3.6 |
4.5 |
| Black |
9,408 |
343 |
40.3 |
47.1 |
7.1 |
5.5 |
| Hispanic |
8,714 |
337 |
51.7 |
35.3 |
7.3 |
5.7 |
| Insurance
status |
| Under
age 65: |
| Any
privatec |
87,258 |
498 |
44.1 |
51.2 |
*1.6 |
3 |
| Public
only |
8,277 |
277 |
26.9 |
0 |
66.4 |
6.7 |
| Uninsured |
6,208 |
404 |
79.8 |
0 |
0 |
20.2 |
| Age
65 and over: |
| Medicare
only |
3,911 |
634 |
86.8 |
0 |
0 |
13.2 |
| Medicare
and private |
9,529 |
483 |
72.6 |
23.8 |
*0.0 |
3.6 |
| Medicare
and other public |
608 |
363 |
45.1 |
0 |
*14.1 |
*40.9 |
| Incomed |
| Poor |
8,309 |
322 |
41.8 |
23.7 |
22.8 |
11.7 |
| Near
poor |
3,311 |
468 |
*35.5 |
*24.1 |
*34.8 |
*5.5 |
| Low
income |
11,275 |
395 |
59.6 |
24.4 |
10.9 |
5.1 |
| Middle
income |
36,461 |
467 |
51.6 |
40 |
*3.1 |
5.3 |
| High
income |
56,464 |
529 |
47.9 |
48.4 |
*0.3 |
3.5 |
| Employment
statuse |
| Employed |
60,813 |
448 |
47 |
45.8 |
*2.1 |
5 |
| Not
employed |
27,967 |
495 |
63.7 |
26.8 |
3.6 |
5.9 |
| Census
region |
| Northeast |
24,703 |
505 |
51.6 |
39.4 |
3.9 |
5.1 |
| Midwest |
29,827 |
437 |
46.7 |
45.7 |
*3.3 |
4.3 |
| South |
35,902 |
453 |
54.1 |
39.9 |
1.3 |
4.7 |
| West |
25,387 |
543 |
44.2 |
43.4 |
8 |
4.4 |
|
a Includes
the Department of Veterans Affairs; CHAMPUS or TRICARE
(Armed-Forces-related coverage); Indian Health Service;
military treatment facilities; Federal, State, and
local programs other than Medicaid; and other kinds
of insurance not specified. |
| b Includes
all other ethnic/racial groups not shown separately. |
| c Includes
population with private and public coverage. |
| d Poor
refers to persons living in families with incomes below
the Federal poverty line; near poor, over the poverty
line through 125 percent of the poverty line; low income,
over 125 percent through 200 percent of the poverty
line; middle income, over 200 percent through 400 percent
of the poverty line; and high income, over 400 percent
of the poverty line. |
| e For
individuals ages 16 and over. |
| *
Relative standard error is greater than or equal to
30 percent. |
| Note: Percents
may not add to 100 because of rounding. |
| Source: Center
for Financing, Access, and Cost Trends, Agency for Healthcare
Research and Quality: Medical Expenditure Panel Survey,
1996-2000. |
| Table
8. Dental
services: Mean out-of-pocket expense per person
with a visit and percent distribution of amount
of out-of-pocket expense per person with a visit,
by selected population characteristics: United States,
1996 |
Population
characteristic |
Population
with a visit in
thousands |
Mean
out-of-pocket
expense per
person with a visit |
Out-of-pocket expense
|
| None |
$1-
$99 |
$100-
$199 |
$200
or
more |
| |
|
Percent
distribution
|
| Total |
115,429 |
192 |
30.2 |
36.6 |
12.8 |
20.4 |
| Age
in years |
| Under
6 |
5,027 |
44 |
50.3 |
36.6 |
9.2 |
3.8 |
|
6-18 |
26,975 |
201 |
41.1 |
33.9 |
9.5 |
15.6 |
| 19-44 |
43,254 |
146 |
29.9 |
40.3 |
12.2 |
17.6 |
| 45-64 |
26,464 |
217 |
24.7 |
36.1 |
14 |
25.2 |
| 65
and over |
13,707 |
329 |
12.7 |
31.3 |
20.5 |
35.5 |
| Sex |
| Male |
52,198 |
183 |
29.7 |
37 |
13.6 |
19.7 |
| Female |
63,231 |
200 |
30.6 |
36.3 |
12.1 |
21 |
| Race/ethnicity |
| White
and othera |
98,108 |
201 |
28.1 |
37.1 |
13.4 |
21.4 |
| Black |
8,777 |
140 |
42.7 |
34.3 |
9.3 |
13.7 |
| Hispanic |
8,545 |
144 |
41.4 |
33.4 |
10.1 |
15.2 |
| Insurance
status |
| Under
age 65: |
| Any
privateb |
87,197 |
178 |
30.2 |
39.1 |
12 |
18.8 |
| Public
only |
7,834 |
52 |
73.7 |
16.8 |
3.8 |
5.7 |
| Uninsured |
6,689 |
268 |
15.6 |
38.9 |
18.9 |
26.6 |
| Age
65 and over: |
| Medicare
only |
2,400 |
384 |
12.1 |
22.2 |
25 |
40.7 |
| Medicare
and private |
10,737 |
319 |
11.5 |
33.5 |
20 |
35 |
| Medicare
and other public |
572 |
*283 |
38.1 |
29.9 |
*9.7 |
22.3 |
| Incomec |
| Poor |
10,043 |
122 |
50.5 |
28.2 |
7 |
14.3 |
| Near
poor |
3,310 |
161 |
36.2 |
29.7 |
16.5 |
17.6 |
| Low
income |
12,113 |
164 |
30.4 |
37.8 |
13.2 |
18.6 |
| Middle
income |
39,650 |
195 |
28.5 |
37.9 |
13.3 |
20.4 |
| High
income |
50,313 |
213 |
27 |
37.5 |
13.3 |
22.2 |
| Employment
statusd |
| Employed |
60,600 |
174 |
27.2 |
39 |
13.1 |
20.6 |
| Not
employed |
28,624 |
256 |
24.4 |
33.7 |
15.2 |
26.6 |
| Census
region |
| Northeast |
23,065 |
247 |
33.1 |
32.3 |
13.8 |
20.8 |
| Midwest |
30,906 |
139 |
31.1 |
40.5 |
11.7 |
16.7 |
| South |
35,276 |
202 |
24.7 |
39.3 |
13 |
22.9 |
| West |
26,183 |
194 |
33.9 |
32.1 |
13.1 |
20.9 |
| a Includes
all other ethnic/racial groups not shown separately. |
| b Includes
population with private and public coverage. |
| c Poor
refers to persons living in families with incomes below
the Federal poverty line; near poor, over the poverty
line through 125 percent of the poverty line; low income,
over 125 percent through 200 percent of the poverty
line; middle income, over 200 percent through 400 percent
of the poverty line; and high income, over 400 percent
of the poverty line. |
| d For
individuals ages 16 and over. |
| *
Relative standard error is greater than or equal to
30 percent. |
| Note:
Percents may not add to 100 because of rounding. |
| Source: Center
for Financing, Access, and Cost Trends, Agency for Healthcare
Research and Quality: Medical Expenditure Panel Survey,
1996-2000. |
| Table
9. Dental services: Mean out-of-pocket expense
per person with a visit and percent distribution
of amount of out-of-pocket expense per person with
a visit, by selected population characteristics:
United States, 1997 |
Population
characteristic |
Population
with a visit in
thousands |
Mean
out-of-pocket
expense per
person with a visit |
Out-of-pocket expense
|
| None |
$1-
$99 |
$100-
$199 |
$200
or
more |
| |
Percent
distribution
|
| Total |
113,380 |
201 |
31.2 |
35.7 |
12.5 |
20.6 |
| Age
in years |
| Under
6 |
4,406 |
41 |
50.3 |
40 |
5.3 |
4.4 |
|
6-18 |
26,718 |
195 |
42.4 |
35 |
8.3 |
14.3 |
| 19-44 |
42,229 |
158 |
31.5 |
38.2 |
11.9 |
18.4 |
| 45-64 |
26,564 |
248 |
25.3 |
33.3 |
14.9 |
26.5 |
| 65
and over |
13,464 |
303 |
13.8 |
32 |
20 |
34.2 |
| Sex |
| Male |
51,122 |
199 |
31.9 |
36 |
12.5 |
19.6 |
| Female |
62,259 |
202 |
30.7 |
35.4 |
12.4 |
21.5 |
| Race/ethnicity |
| White
and othera |
96,082 |
210 |
29.2 |
36.1 |
13.1 |
21.5 |
| Black |
8,974 |
128 |
43.2 |
36.1 |
8.5 |
12.1 |
| Hispanic |
8,324 |
169 |
41.6 |
29.9 |
9 |
19.5 |
| Insurance
status |
| Under
age 65: |
| Any
privateb |
85,324 |
196 |
31.3 |
37.6 |
11.7 |
19.5 |
| Public
only |
7,652 |
50 |
75.2 |
15.6 |
4.1 |
5.1 |
| Uninsured |
6,940 |
229 |
16.1 |
41.6 |
16.5 |
25.8 |
| Age
65 and over: |
| Medicare
only |
2,726 |
380 |
9.2 |
30.9 |
19.2 |
40.7 |
| Medicare
and private |
10,142 |
292 |
13.4 |
32.5 |
20.7 |
33.4 |
| Medicare
and other public |
*533 |
151 |
46.1 |
25.9 |
*9.8 |
*18.3 |
| Incomec |
| Poor |
8,807 |
137 |
52.5 |
27 |
7.4 |
13.1 |
| Near
poor |
3,017 |
141 |
43.2 |
29.5 |
10.9 |
16.4 |
| Low
income |
12,185 |
185 |
31.2 |
37.5 |
12.5 |
18.8 |
| Middle
income |
37,869 |
183 |
29.8 |
37.6 |
12.5 |
20.1 |
| High
income |
51,503 |
232 |
28 |
35.6 |
13.4 |
23 |
| Employment
statusd |
| Employed |
60,494 |
195 |
28.3 |
36.8 |
13.5 |
21.4 |
| Not
employed |
27,559 |
245 |
25.1 |
33 |
15.1 |
26.8 |
| Census
region |
| Northeast |
22,957 |
229 |
32.7 |
33.4 |
13 |
20.8 |
| Midwest |
29,840 |
171 |
34.5 |
35.5 |
12.9 |
17.1 |
| South |
34,098 |
209 |
25.4 |
39.8 |
12.6 |
22.1 |
| West |
26,486 |
198 |
33.8 |
32.4 |
11.3 |
22.5 |
| a Includes
all other ethnic/racial groups not shown separately. |
| b Includes
population with private and public coverage. |
| c Poor
refers to persons living in families with incomes below
the Federal poverty line; near poor, over the poverty
line through 125 percent of the poverty line; low income,
over 125 percent through 200 percent of the poverty
line; middle income, over 200 percent through 400 percent
of the poverty line; and high income, over 400 percent
of the poverty line. |
| d For
individuals ages 16 and over. |
| *
Relative standard error is greater than or equal to
30 percent. |
| Note:
Percents may not add to 100 because of rounding. |
| Source: Center
for Financing, Access, and Cost Trends, Agency for Healthcare
Research and Quality: Medical Expenditure Panel Survey,
1996-2000. |
| Table
10.Dental
services: Mean out-of-pocket expense per person
with a visit and percent distribution of amount
of out-of-pocket expense per person with a visit,
by selected population characteristics: United
States, 1998 |
Population
characteristic |
Population
with a visit in
thousands |
Mean
out-of-pocket
expense per
person with a visit |
Out-of-pocket expense
|
| None |
$1-
$99 |
$100-
$199 |
$200
or
more |
| |
Percent
distribution
|
| Total |
115,985 |
219 |
31.4 |
34.2 |
13 |
21.3 |
| Age
in years |
|
| Under
6 |
5,150 |
44 |
53 |
35.4 |
8.2 |
*3.5 |
| 6-18 |
27,199 |
189 |
42.2 |
33.6 |
8.7 |
15.5 |
| 19-44 |
41,728 |
182 |
32 |
35.5 |
12.6 |
19.9 |
| 45-64 |
28,331 |
252 |
24.5 |
34.3 |
15 |
26.2 |
| 65
and over |
13,577 |
384 |
14.2 |
31.1 |
21 |
33.7 |
| Sex |
|
| Male |
51,864 |
207 |
31.7 |
35.3 |
13 |
19.9 |
| Female |
64,122 |
228 |
31.2 |
33.3 |
13 |
22.5 |
| Race/ethnicity |
|
| White
and othera |
98,025 |
231 |
29.2 |
34.7 |
13.7 |
22.4 |
| Black |
9,711 |
139 |
45.1 |
30.8 |
9.9 |
14.2 |
| Hispanic |
8,249 |
167 |
41.3 |
33.2 |
9.1 |
16.4 |
| Insurance
status |
|
| Under
age 65: |
|
| Any
privateb |
88,870 |
198 |
31.2 |
36.1 |
12.5 |
20.2 |
| Public
only |
8,004 |
41 |
74.3 |
16.9 |
4.3 |
4.4 |
| Uninsured |
5,534 |
404 |
14.9 |
36.9 |
15.4 |
32.8 |
| Age
65 and over: |
|
| Medicare
only |
3,585 |
420 |
13.3 |
27.4 |
27.2 |
32.1 |
| Medicare
and private |
9,310 |
383 |
13.1 |
32.7 |
19.4 |
34.9 |
| Medicare
and other public |
661 |
211 |
35.3 |
27.4 |
*10.1 |
27.2 |
| Incomec |
|
| Poor |
9,187 |
158 |
53.9 |
22.2 |
9.2 |
14.6 |
| Near
poor |
3,142 |
172 |
46.2 |
24 |
14.3 |
15.5 |
| Low
income |
9,938 |
228 |
29.9 |
36.1 |
14.4 |
19.6 |
| Middle
income |
37,093 |
218 |
28.7 |
36.7 |
12.8 |
21.8 |
| High
income |
56,625 |
230 |
29 |
34.8 |
13.5 |
22.7 |
| Employment
statusd |
|
| Employed |
61,189 |
205 |
28.6 |
35.8 |
13.3 |
22.4 |
| Not
employed |
28,838 |
300 |
25.1 |
31 |
16.3 |
27.6 |
| Census
region |
|
| Northeast |
23,178 |
235 |
33.3 |
33.8 |
12.8 |
20.2 |
| Midwest |
30,866 |
163 |
33.8 |
34.6 |
12.6 |
18.9 |
| South |
35,447 |
235 |
24.6 |
37.9 |
14.7 |
22.8 |
| West |
26,494 |
247 |
36.2 |
29.3 |
11.5 |
23.1 |
| a Includes
all other ethnic/racial groups not shown separately. |
| b Includes
population with private and public coverage. |
| c Poor
refers to persons living in families with incomes below
the Federal poverty line; near poor, over the poverty
line through 125 percent of the poverty line; low income,
over 125 percent through 200 percent of the poverty
line; middle income, over 200 percent through 400 percent
of the poverty line; and high income, over 400 percent
of the poverty line. |
| d For
individuals ages 16 and over. |
| *
Relative standard error is greater than or equal to
30 percent. |
| Note:
Percents may not add to 100 because of rounding. |
| Source: Center
for Financing, Access, and Cost Trends, Agency for Healthcare
Research and Quality: Medical Expenditure Panel Survey,
1996-2000. |
| Table
11. Dental
services: Mean out-of-pocket expense per person
with a visit and percent distribution of amount
of out-of-pocket expense per person with a visit,
by selected population characteristics: United
States, 1999 |
Population
characteristic |
Population
with a visit in
thousands |
Mean
out-of-pocket
expense per
person with a visit |
Out-of-pocket expense
|
| None |
$1-
$99 |
$100-
$199 |
$200
or
more |
| |
Percent
distribution
|
| Total |
119,002 |
220 |
30.7 |
34.5 |
13.1 |
21.8 |
| Age
in years |
|
| Under
6 |
4,725 |
46 |
54 |
32.8 |
8.6 |
4.6 |
| 6-18 |
27,413 |
221 |
42.2 |
31.5 |
9.7 |
16.6 |
| 19-44 |
43,268 |
164 |
31.9 |
38.1 |
11.5 |
18.5 |
| 45-64 |
29,004 |
257 |
24.2 |
34.1 |
14.9 |
26.8 |
| 65
and over |
14,591 |
368 |
10.6 |
30.7 |
22.1 |
36.6 |
| Sex |
|
| Male |
52,976 |
215 |
30.5 |
35.6 |
12.3 |
21.6 |
| Female |
66,026 |
224 |
30.8 |
33.5 |
13.8 |
21.9 |
| Race/ethnicity |
|
| White
and othera |
101,077 |
232 |
28.8 |
34.6 |
13.8 |
22.7 |
| Black |
9,652 |
123 |
42.4 |
34.4 |
9.3 |
13.8 |
| Hispanic |
8,273 |
191 |
39.5 |
32.4 |
9 |
19.1 |
| Insurance
status |
|
| Under
age 65: |
|
| Any
privateb |
91,523 |
205 |
31.2 |
36.4 |
12.2 |
20.2 |
| Public
only |
7,263 |
65 |
75.6 |
13.4 |
3.4 |
7.7 |
| Uninsured |
5,624 |
284 |
16.1 |
39.1 |
17.2 |
27.5 |
| Age
65 and over: |
|
| Medicare
only |
3,644 |
474 |
8.3 |
32.7 |
23.4 |
35.6 |
| Medicare
and private |
10,110 |
339 |
9.2 |
30.8 |
22.2 |
37.7 |
| Medicare
and other public |
804 |
168 |
38.4 |
21.6 |
16.1 |
23.9 |
| Incomec |
|
| Poor |
8,749 |
149 |
50.3 |
24 |
9.2 |
16.6 |
| Near
poor |
3,299 |
162 |
42.6 |
28.6 |
10.4 |
18.4 |
| Low
income |
10,376 |
196 |
27.8 |
34.7 |
15.5 |
22 |
| Middle
income |
36,292 |
214 |
28.6 |
38 |
12.9 |
20.5 |
| High
income |
60,285 |
242 |
28.9 |
34.1 |
13.5 |
23.4 |
| Employment
statusd |
|
| Employed |
63,731 |
208 |
28.2 |
37.1 |
12.6 |
22.1 |
| Not
employed |
8,578 |
275 |
23.5 |
30.8 |
17.4 |
28.2 |
| Census
region |
|
| Northeast |
23,934 |
271 |
32.4 |
30.3 |
12.6 |
24.6 |
| Midwest |
30,633 |
175 |
33.2 |
35.7 |
12.9 |
18.2 |
| South |
37,277 |
211 |
25.2 |
39.2 |
14.3 |
21.3 |
| West |
27,157 |
240 |
33.8 |
30.2 |
12.1 |
23.9 |
| a Includes
all other ethnic/racial groups not shown separately. |
| b Includes
population with private and public coverage. |
| c Poor
refers to persons living in families with incomes below
the Federal poverty line; near poor, over the poverty
line through 125 percent of the poverty line; low income,
over 125 percent through 200 percent of the poverty
line; middle income, over 200 percent through 400 percent
of the poverty line; and high income, over 400 percent
of the poverty line. |
| d For
individuals ages 16 and over. |
| Note:
Percents may not add to 100 because of rounding. |
| Source: Center
for Financing, Access, and Cost Trends, Agency for Healthcare
Research and Quality: Medical Expenditure Panel Survey,
1996-2000. |
| Table
12. Dental
services: Mean out-of-pocket expense per
person with a visit and percent distribution of
amount of out-of-pocket expense per person with
a visit, by selected population characteristics:
United States, 2000 |
Population
characteristic |
Population
with a visit in
thousands |
Mean
out-of-pocket
expense per
person with a visit |
Out-of-pocket expense
|
| None |
$1-
$99 |
$100-
$199 |
$200
or
more |
| |
Percent
distribution
|
| Total |
115,819 |
237 |
31.6 |
31.8 |
13.6 |
23 |
| Age
in years |
| Under
6 |
5,087 |
47 |
52.2 |
34.9 |
7.8 |
5.1 |
| 6-18 |
27,669 |
267 |
42.6 |
30.3 |
9.8 |
17.3 |
| 19-44 |
40,165 |
163 |
32.2 |
35.7 |
13.2 |
19 |
| 45-64 |
28,822 |
264 |
26.9 |
29.9 |
13.8 |
29.4 |
| 65
and over |
14,076 |
400 |
10.5 |
26.6 |
23.8 |
39.1 |
| Sex |
| Male |
51,851 |
223 |
32.6 |
32.5 |
12.8 |
22.2 |
| Female |
63,968 |
247 |
30.8 |
31.3 |
14.2 |
23.7 |
| Race/ethnicity |
| White
and othera |
97,697 |
252 |
29.7 |
31.7 |
14.1 |
24.5 |
| Black |
9,408 |
138 |
45.1 |
31.9 |
8.9 |
14.1 |
| Hispanic |
8,714 |
174 |
38.6 |
32.9 |
12.4 |
16.1 |
| Insurance
status |
| Under
age 65: |
| Any
privateb |
87,258 |
220 |
31.2 |
34.7 |
12.5 |
21.6 |
| Public
only |
8,277 |
75 |
79.5 |
10.7 |
2.5 |
7.3 |
| Uninsured |
6,208 |
322 |
20.4 |
31.6 |
20.7 |
27.2 |
| Age
65 and over: |
| Medicare
only |
3,911 |
550 |
8.8 |
26.9 |
23.2 |
41 |
| Medicare
and private |
9,529 |
351 |
9.2 |
27.1 |
24.4 |
39.4 |
| Medicare
and other public |
608 |
164 |
43 |
17.3 |
20 |
19.6 |
| Incomec |
| Poor |
8,309 |
134 |
52.4 |
25.1 |
10 |
12.5 |
| Near
poor |
3,311 |
166 |
42.1 |
26.7 |
11.7 |
19.5 |
| Low
income |
11,275 |
235 |
33.1 |
27.7 |
16.4 |
22.8 |
| Middle
income |
36,461 |
241 |
29.8 |
32.9 |
14 |
23.3 |
| High
income |
56,464 |
253 |
28.8 |
33.2 |
13.4 |
24.6 |
| Employment
statusd |
| Employed |
60,813 |
211 |
29.5 |
34.3 |
13.1 |
23.1 |
| Not
employed |
27,967 |
315 |
23.6 |
26.9 |
19 |
30.5 |
| Census
region |
| Northeast |
24,703 |
261 |
31 |
28.7 |
15.7 |
24.6 |
| Midwest |
29,827 |
204 |
32.9 |
35.7 |
12.1 |
19.3 |
| South |
35,902 |
245 |
25.8 |
35.2 |
14.4 |
24.6 |
| West |
25,387 |
240 |
38.8 |
25.5 |
12.1 |
23.6 |
| a Includes
all other ethnic/racial groups not shown separately. |
| b Includes
population with private and public coverage. |
| c Poor
refers to persons living in families with incomes below
the Federal poverty line; near poor, over the poverty
line through 125 percent of the poverty line; low income,
over 125 percent through 200 percent of the poverty
line; middle income, over 200 percent through 400 percent
of the poverty line; and high income, over 400 percent
of the poverty line. |
| d For
individuals ages 16 and over. |
| Note:
Percents may not add to 100 because of rounding. |
| Source: Center
for Financing, Access, and Cost Trends, Agency for Healthcare
Research and Quality: Medical Expenditure Panel Survey,
1996-2000. |
^top
Technical
Appendix
The data used in this report
were obtained from interviews conducted as part of the Household
Component of the Medical Expenditure Panel Survey (MEPS) for
1996, 1997, 1998, 1999, and 2000. MEPS is an ongoing annual
survey of the civilian noninstitutionalized population. MEPS
collects detailed information on health care use and expenditures
(including sources of payment), health insurance, health status,
access, and quality. It also collects detailed demographic
and economic information on the persons and households surveyed.
More information about MEPS can be found at http://www.meps.ahrq.gov.
For a detailed description of the survey and its methodology,
also see J. Cohen (1997) and S. Cohen (1997).
Survey
Design
Each
year, the MEPS sample is drawn from households that completed
the prior year’s National
Health Interview Survey (NHIS). Households selected for participation
in the 1996 MEPS completed interviews in the 1995 NHIS, the
1997 MEPS sample was drawn from the 1996 NHIS, and so on.
Because NHIS is used as a sampling frame, the MEPS design
is not only nationally representative of the civilian noninstitutionalized
population but also includes an oversampling of Hispanics
and blacks.
MEPS
collects data in an overlapping panel design. Each household
completes five interviews (“rounds” of
data collection) over a period of 2 1/2 years, providing data
for two full calendar years of estimates. Data from Rounds
1, 2, and 3 provide information for the first year of estimation,
and data from Rounds 3, 4, and 5 provide data for the second
year of estimates. For example, estimates for 2000 are derived
from combining Rounds 3, 4, and 5 of the 1999 panel and Rounds
1, 2, and 3 of the 2000 panel. An exception is 1996, when
the MEPS longitudinal data collection was initiated. For that
year, a single panel’s data were used for estimation. In MEPS,
a single respondent provides most of the information to an
interviewer using computer-assisted personal interviewing
(CAPI). In addition to the CAPI interview, beginning in 2000,
limited data have been collected using a self-administered
questionnaire (SAQ).
Definitions
Dental services/visit.
This refers to care by or visits to any type of dental care
provider, including general dentists, dental hygienists, dental
technicians, dental surgeons, orthodontists, endodontists,
and periodontists.
Dental expenditures (expenses).
In this report, expenditures are the amount actually paid
for dental services. More specifically, in MEPS, expenditures
are defined as the sum of payments for care received, including
out-of-pocket payments and payments made by private insurance,
Medicaid, Medicare, and other sources.
This definition
of expenditures differs somewhat from the definition used
in predecessor surveys,
the 1987 National Medical Expenditure Survey (NMES) and the
1977 National Medical Care Expenditure Survey, in which charges
rather than payments were used to measure medical expenditures.
Users who wish to compare the expenditure data presented in
this report with data from the 1987 and/or 1977 surveys should
consult Monheit, Wilson, and Arnett (1999). AHRQ has developed
factors to apply to the 1987 NMES expenditure data to facilitate
longitudinal analysis. These can be accessed via the CFACT
Data Center. See http://www.meps.ahrq.gov/data_stats/onsite_datacenter.jsp for
more information. Details on the editing and imputation methodology
used to develop the dental expenditure variables presented
in this report can be found in the documentation for the dental
event files. See http://www.meps.ahrq.gov/data_stats/download_data/pufs/h51b/h51bdoc.shtml for
the 2000 dental event file link.
It should also be noted that it is common for several dental
visits to be included in a single fee. These “flat fees” are
particularly common for orthodontia and some types of dental
reconstruction and surgery. These flat fee groups
may cross calendar years. For flat fees, expenses for the entire episode are
placed on the initial event.
Sources
of payment.
In this report, categories of payments that sum to total expenditures
are reported. Out-of-pocket payments are payments made by
the user or the user’s family. Private health insurance includes
employment-related as well as directly purchased insurance,
including any dental benefit plans. In this report, the “other” category
includes Federal programs such as programs of the Department
of Veterans Affairs, TRICARE (Armed-Forces-related coverage),
the Indian Health Service, and military facilities; State
and local programs other than Medicaid; and other sources
such as Workers’ Compensation, automobile insurance, and other
kinds of insurance not specified.
Age.
In this report age is the sampled person’s age as of December
31st of the reported year.
Race/ethnicity.
Classification by race and ethnicity was based on information
provided by
the household respondent for each household member. The respondent
was asked if each person’s race was best described as black,
white, Asian or Pacific Islander, American Indian, or Alaska
Native. The respondent was also asked if each person’s main
national origin or ancestry was Puerto Rican, Cuban, Mexican,
Mexicano, Mexican American, or Chicano; other Latin American;
or other Spanish. Persons claiming a main national origin
or ancestry in one of these Hispanic groups, regardless of
racial background, were classified as Hispanic. Since the
Hispanic grouping an include persons of any race, the race
categories of black and white/other exclude Hispanics.
Insurance status. Respondents
were asked about health insurance coverage for themselves
and all household members at each round of interviewing. The
insurance variables reflect having general medical insurance,
which may or may not include coverage of dental care.
Persons under 65 were classified according to whether they had private health
insurance, had public coverage only, or were uninsured all year.
• Any private insurance.
This group includes those who, at any time in the survey
year, had individual or group plan coverage for medical
or related expenses, including prepaid health plans such
as health maintenance organizations but excluding extra
cash coverage plans, medical benefits linked only to specific
diseases (dread disease plans), and casualty benefit plans
(such as automobile insurance).
• Public insurance only. This
group includes persons who were never covered by private
insurance during the year but who were covered at any time
by Medicare, TRICARE (which covers retired members of the
uniformed services and the spouses and children of active-duty
military), Medicaid, and other State and local medical assistance
programs.
• Uninsured all year.
This refers to all persons under age 65 with neither public
nor private insurance coverage throughout the calendar year.
In this report, persons over
age 65 were classified by whether they were covered by Medicare
only, by Medicare and other public coverage, or by Medicare
and private insurance programs.
Employment status. For
each year of the report, persons 16 years old and over were
asked whether they were currently employed. Persons with a
job at any time during the year were considered employed in
this report.
Income.
Each year, persons were classified according to their family’s
income in terms of poverty status. In this report, poverty
status is the ratio
of the family’s income to the Federal poverty thresholds,
which control for the size of the family and the age of the
head of the family. In this report, the following classification
of poverty status was used.
• Poor—Persons
in families with income less than 100 percent of the poverty
line, including those who reported negative income.
• Near poor—Persons
in families with income from 100 percent to less than 125
percent of the poverty line.
• Low income—Persons
in families with income from 125 percent to less than 200
percent of the poverty line.
• Middle income—Persons
in families with income from 200 percent to less than 400
percent of the poverty line.
• High income—Persons
in families with income over 400 percent of the poverty
line.
In
MEPS, personal income from each household member was summed
to create family income.
Potential income sources asked about in the survey interview
include annual earnings from wages, salaries, bonuses, tips,
and commissions; business and farm gains and losses; unemployment
and Workers’ Compensation payments; interest and dividends;
alimony, child support, and other private cash transfers;
private pensions; individual retirement account (IRA) withdrawals;
Social Security and Department of Veterans Affairs payments;
Supplemental Security Income and cash welfare payments from
public assistance, TANF (Temporary Assistance for Needy Families;
formerly known as Aid to Families with Dependent Children,
or AFDC); gains or losses from estates, trusts, partnerships,
S corporations, rent, and royalties; and a small amount of “other” income.
Region of residence.
Each MEPS sampled person was classified as living in one the
the following four regions as defined by the U.S. Census Bureau.
• Northeast—Maine,
New Hampshire, Vermont, Massachusetts, Rhode Island, Connecticut,
New York, New Jersey, and Pennsylvania.
• Midwest—Ohio,
Indiana, Illinois, Michigan, Wisconsin, Minnesota, Iowa,
Missouri,
South Dakota, North Dakota, Nebraska,and Kansas.
• South—Delaware,
Maryland, District of Columbia, Virginia, West Virginia,
North Carolina, South Carolina, Georgia, Florida, Kentucky,
Tennessee, Alabama, Mississippi, Arkansas, Louisiana, Oklahoma,
and Texas.
• West—Montana,
Idaho, Wyoming, Colorado, New Mexico, Arizona, Utah, Nevada,
Washington,
Oregon, California, Alaska, and Hawaii.
Sample
Design and Accuracy of Estimates
The statistics
presented in this report are affected by both sampling error
and sources
of nonsampling error, which include nonresponse bias, respondent
reporting errors, interviewer effects, and data processing
misspecifications. The MEPS person-level estimation weights
include nonresponse adjustments and poststratification adjustments
to population estimates derived from the Current
Population
Survey based on cross-classifications by region, metropolitan
statistical area, age, race/ethnicity, and sex. The overall
MEPS response rate reflects response to both the MEPS and
NHIS interview. The sample size and annual response rates
are:
Calendar
year |
Sample
size |
Pooled
annual
response rate |
| 1996 |
21,571 |
70.2 |
| 1997 |
32,636 |
66.4 |
| 1998 |
22,953 |
67.9 |
| 1999 |
23,565 |
64.3 |
| 2000 |
23,839 |
65.3 |
Rounding
Estimates presented in the
tables were rounded to the nearest 0.1 percent. Population
estimates were rounded to the nearest thousand. Because of
this (as well as conventions for displaying missing data,
as indicated in each table), some of the subpopulation estimates
presented in the tables will not sum exactly to the overall
population total. Standard errors, presented in Tables A-L,
were rounded to the nearest 0.01.
Table
A. Dental
services: Standard errors for annual of population
with a visit, by selected population characteristics,
United States, 1996-2000
Corresponds to
Table 1 |
Population
characteristic |
1996
|
1997
|
1998
|
1999
|
2000
|
| Total
population in thousands |
Percent
with a visit |
Total
population in thousands |
Percent
with a visit |
Total
population in thousands |
Percent
with a visit |
Total
population in thousands |
Percent
with a visit |
Total
population in thousands |
Percent
with a visit |
| Total |
5,858 |
0.70 |
4,692 |
0.60 |
6,518 |
0.73 |
7,791 |
0.62 |
11,667. |
0.74 |
| Age
in years |
| Under
6 |
901 |
1.07 |
727 |
0.93 |
924 |
1.1 |
930 |
1.06 |
1,219 |
1.3 |
|
6-18 |
1,747 |
1.26 |
1,295 |
1.07 |
1,502 |
1.25 |
1,772 |
1.16 |
2,444 |
1.18 |
| 19-44 |
2,686 |
0.78 |
2,158 |
0.73 |
2,878 |
0.9 |
3,369 |
0.77 |
4,832 |
0.82 |
| 45-64 |
1,485 |
1.03 |
1,303 |
0.93 |
1,821 |
1.07 |
2,054 |
0.99 |
2,996 |
1.42 |
| 65
and over |
1,141 |
1.37 |
997 |
1.22 |
1,235 |
1.38 |
1,180 |
1.34 |
1,385 |
1.28 |
| Sex |
|
| Male |
2,939 |
0.81 |
2,484 |
0.68 |
3,399 |
0.78 |
4,059 |
0.66 |
5,984 |
0.74 |
| Female |
3,144 |
0.74 |
2,471 |
0.67 |
3,363 |
0.87 |
3,931 |
0.74 |
5,841 |
0.87 |
| Race/ethnicity |
| White
and othera |
4,999 |
0.82 |
4,366 |
0.69 |
6,083 |
0.82 |
7,064 |
0.72 |
10,629 |
0.83 |
| Black |
2,032 |
1.09 |
1,508 |
1 |
2,156 |
1.37 |
2,272 |
1.35 |
2,965 |
1.32 |
| Hispanic |
1,556 |
1.13 |
1,327 |
0.94 |
1,605 |
1.02 |
1,725 |
0.99 |
2,829 |
1.12 |
| Insurance
status |
| Under
age 65: |
| Any
privateb |
4,618 |
0.77 |
3,805 |
0.66 |
5,081 |
0.78 |
6,121 |
0.75 |
8,688 |
0.87 |
| Public
only |
1,401 |
1.35 |
1,123 |
1.04 |
1,375 |
1.21 |
1,313 |
1.23 |
1,863 |
1.35 |
| Uninsured |
1,394 |
1.05 |
1,060 |
0.9 |
1,344 |
0.94 |
1,317 |
1.06 |
1,710 |
1.15 |
| Age
65 and over: |
| Medicare
only |
480 |
2.35 |
430 |
2.02 |
592 |
2.1 |
576 |
2.26 |
729 |
2.07 |
| Medicare
and private |
906 |
1.65 |
809 |
1.6 |
874 |
1.77 |
836 |
1.63 |
971 |
1.66 |
| Medicare
and other public |
271 |
2.22 |
228 |
2.24 |
320 |
2.03 |
298 |
2.46 |
280 |
2.2 |
| Incomec |
|
| Poor |
1,554 |
1.1 |
1,427 |
0.86 |
1,720 |
1.18 |
1,528 |
1.13 |
1,971 |
1.11 |
| Near
poor |
759 |
1.99 |
54 |
1.48 |
706 |
2.3 |
775 |
2.03 |
960 |
2.07 |
| Low
income |
1,647 |
1.24 |
1,294 |
1.11 |
1,497 |
1.23 |
1,536 |
1.18 |
1,816 |
1.17 |
| Middle
income |
2,855 |
0.86 |
2,326 |
0.83 |
2,659 |
1.01 |
3,269 |
0.94 |
4,555 |
0.93 |
| High
income |
3,047 |
0.95 |
2,735 |
0.89 |
3,462 |
0.94 |
3,946 |
0.94 |
5,245 |
1.11 |
| Employment
statusd |
| Employed |
3,219 |
0.74 |
2,713 |
0.67 |
3,777 |
0.82 |
4,471 |
0.7 |
6,420 |
0.87 |
| Not
employed |
1,828 |
0.96 |
1,547 |
0.85 |
1,903 |
1.02 |
2,117 |
0.91 |
3,103 |
1 |
| Census
region |
| Northeast |
2,134 |
1.54 |
2,000 |
1.36 |
3,362 |
1.51 |
2,722 |
1.36 |
3,200 |
1.68 |
| Midwest |
2,835 |
1.42 |
2,366 |
1.2 |
2,625 |
1.81 |
2,519 |
1.4 |
2,966 |
1.59 |
| South |
4,375 |
1.17 |
3,334 |
1.04 |
3,792 |
1.18 |
4,718 |
1.01 |
6,187 |
1.15 |
| West |
2,329 |
1.4 |
1,946 |
1.14 |
3,351 |
1.32 |
5,020 |
1.17 |
8,687 |
1.41 |
| a Includes
all other ethnic/racial groups not shown separately. |
| b Includes
population with private and public coverage. |
| c Poor
refers to persons living in families with incomes below
the Federal poverty line; near poor, over the poverty
line through 125 percent of the poverty line; low income,
over 125 percent through 200 percent of the poverty
line; middle income, over 200 percent through 400 percent
of the poverty line; and high income, over 400 percent
of the poverty line. |
| d For
individuals ages 16 and over. |
| Source: Center
for Financing, Access, and Cost Trends, Agency for Healthcare
Research and Quality: Medical Expenditure Panel Survey,
1996-2000. |
Table
B. Dental services: Standard errors for annual
total mean visits per person with a visit, by selected
population characteristics, United States, 1996-2000
Corresponds to Table 2 |
Population
characteristic |
1996
|
1997
|
1998
|
1999
|
2000
|
Population
with a
visit in
thousands |
Mean
visits per
person
with a visit |
Population
with a
visit in
thousands |
Mean
visits per
person
with a visit |
Population
with a
visit in
thousands |
Mean
visits per
person
with a visit |
Population
with a
visit in
thousands |
Mean
visits per
person
with a visit |
Population
with a
visit in |
Mean
visits per
person |
| Total |
3,200 |
0.03 |
2,708 |
0.03 |
3,586 |
0.03 |
3,972 |
0.03 |
5,709 |
0.03 |
| Age
in years |
| Under
6 |
321 |
0.05 |
248 |
0.05 |
330 |
0.06 |
315 |
0.04 |
372 |
0.04 |
|
6-18 |
1,093 |
0.08 |
894 |
0.07 |
1,007 |
0.08 |
1,171 |
0.08 |
1,482 |
0.08 |
| 19-44 |
1,379 |
0.04 |
1,233 |
0.04 |
1,534 |
0.04 |
1,615 |
0.04 |
2,247 |
0.05 |
| 45-64 |
980 |
0.06 |
860 |
0.05 |
1,233 |
0.05 |
1,283 |
0.06 |
1,900 |
0.07 |
| 65
and over |
700 |
0.09 |
604 |
0.08 |
686 |
0.11 |
731 |
0.09 |
774 |
0.08 |
| Sex |
| Male |
1,581 |
0.05 |
1,369 |
0.04 |
1,756 |
0.04 |
1,853 |
0.04 |
2,658 |
0.04 |
| Female |
1,806 |
0.04 |
1,565 |
0.04 |
2,070 |
0.04 |
2,252 |
0.04 |
3,157 |
0.04 |
| Race/ethnicity |
| White
and othera |
3,015 |
0.04 |
2,604 |
0.03 |
3,488 |
0.04 |
3,748 |
0.04 |
5,373 |
0.04 |
| Black |
591 |
0.08 |
528 |
0.07 |
647 |
0.06 |
748 |
0.08 |
1,050 |
0.1 |
| Hispanic |
493 |
0.07 |
386 |
0.07 |
399 |
0.07 |
514 |
0.09 |
705 |
0.06 |
| Insurance
status |
| Under
age 65: |
| Any
privateb |
2,886 |
0.04 |
2,320 |
0.03 |
3,096 |
0.04 |
3,496 |
0.04 |
4,752 |
0.04 |
| Public
only |
568 |
0.08 |
396 |
0.08 |
477 |
0.07 |
506 |
0.09 |
741 |
0.17 |
| Uninsured |
420 |
0.12 |
363 |
0.08 |
370 |
0.17 |
390 |
0.1 |
516 |
0.12 |
| Age
65 and over: |
| Medicare
only |
217 |
0.2 |
231 |
0.2 |
317 |
0.18 |
334 |
0.14 |
333 |
0.16 |
| Medicare
and private |
618 |
0.11 |
558 |
0.1 |
560 |
0.12 |
574 |
0.11 |
610 |
0.08 |
| Medicare
and other public |
93 |
0.29 |
89 |
0.2 |
96 |
0.26 |
112 |
0.67 |
88 |
0.29 |
| Incomec |
| Poor |
565 |
0.08 |
418 |
0.12 |
560 |
0.08 |
594 |
0.08 |
639 |
0.07 |
| Near
poor |
321 |
0.15 |
258 |
0.11 |
340 |
0.14 |
332 |
0.18 |
397 |
0.36 |
| Low
income |
661 |
0.09 |
613 |
0.08 |
573 |
0.09 |
638 |
0.1 |
737 |
0.1 |
| Middle
income |
1,510 |
0.06 |
1,273 |
0.05 |
1,385 |
0.05 |
1,593 |
0.06 |
2,084 |
0.05 |
| High
income |
2,138 |
0.05 |
1,769 |
0.04 |
2,348 |
0.05 |
2,507 |
0.05 |
3,391 |
0.05 |
| Employment
statusd |
| Employed |
1,889 |
0.04 |
1,637 |
0.03 |
2,216 |
0.04 |
2,444 |
0.04 |
3,412 |
0.04 |
| Not
employed |
999 |
0.06 |
877 |
0.06 |
1,027 |
0.06 |
1,109 |
0.06 |
1,439 |
0.07 |
| Census
region |
| Northeast |
1,449 |
0.07 |
1,315 |
0.07 |
1,743 |
0.09 |
1,606 |
0.09 |
2,138 |
0.08 |
| Midwest |
1,582 |
0.06 |
1,369 |
0.05 |
1,742 |
0.06 |
1,509 |
0.06 |
1,852 |
0.07 |
| South |
2,210 |
0.06 |
1,675 |
0.06 |
2,055 |
0.06 |
2,136 |
0.06 |
2,645 |
0.06 |
| West |
1,152 |
0.06 |
1,142 |
0.05 |
1,676 |
0.07 |
2,538 |
0.07 |
4,070 |
0.04 |
| a Includes
all other ethnic/racial groups not shown separately. |
| b Includes
population with private and public coverage. |
| c Poor
refers to persons living in families with incomes below
the Federal poverty line; near poor, over the poverty
line through 125 percent of the poverty line; low income,
over 125 percent through 200 percent of the poverty
line; middle income, over 200 percent through 400 percent
of the poverty line; and high income, over 400 percent
of the poverty line. |
| d For
individuals ages 16 and over. |
| Source: Center
for Financing, Access, and Cost Trends, Agency for Healthcare
Research and Quality: Medical Expenditure Panel Survey,
1996-2000. |
| Table
C. Dental services: Standard errors for mean
expense per person with a visit and percent distribution
of source of payment, by selected population characteristics,
United States, 1996 Corresponds to Table 3 |
| |
|
Source
of payment
|
Population
characteristic |
Mean
expense
per person
with a visit |
Out
of
pocket |
Private
health
insurance |
Medicaid |
Othera |
| |
Standard
error
|
Total |
9.6 |
0.9 |
1.0 |
0.4 |
0. 5 |
| Age
in years |
| Under
6 |
8.8 |
3.4 |
3.5 |
2.6 |
0.9 |
|
6-18 |
27.2 |
2.1 |
2.1 |
0.7 |
1.2 |
| 19-44 |
12.4 |
1.4 |
1.4 |
0.6 |
0.3 |
| 45-64 |
16.2 |
1.5 |
1.5 |
0.5 |
0.7 |
| 65
and over |
27.2 |
2.1 |
1.7 |
0.3 |
1.8 |
| Sex |
| Male |
14.9 |
1.3 |
1.4 |
0.5 |
0.7 |
| Female |
12.6 |
1.2 |
1.1 |
0.4 |
0.6 |
| Race/ethnicity |
| White
and otherb |
10.7 |
1.0 |
1.1 |
0.4 |
0.5 |
| Black |
31.8 |
3.6 |
2.9 |
1.9 |
2.4 |
| Hispanic |
23.8 |
2.8 |
2.7 |
1.5 |
2.3 |
| Insurance
status |
| Under
age 65: |
11.4 |
1.0 |
1.1 |
0.1 |
0.3 |
| Any
privatec |
16.4 |
4.1 |
0.0 |
4.4 |
1.5 |
| Public
only |
34.3 |
5.0 |
0.0 |
0.0 |
5.0 |
| Uninsured |
| Age
65 and over: |
| Medicare
only |
60.2 |
4.5 |
0.0 |
0.0 |
4.5 |
| Medicare
and private |
31.6 |
2.5 |
2.0 |
0.0 |
2.0 |
| Medicare
and other public |
119.7 |
12.2 |
0.0 |
7.4 |
9.0 |
| Incomed |
| Poor |
21.9 |
4.3 |
3.0 |
4.3 |
1.7 |
| Near
poor |
35.1 |
5.6 |
3.7 |
4.6 |
2.1 |
| Low
income |
17.2 |
2.8 |
2.7 |
0.8 |
0.5 |
| Middle
income |
17.4 |
1.5 |
1.6 |
0.3 |
0.9 |
| High
income |
16.4 |
1.3 |
1.3 |
0.1 |
0.7 |
| Employment
statuse |
| Employed |
11.9 |
1.1 |
1.1 |
0.3 |
0.5 |
| Not
employed |
20.1 |
2.0 |
1.8 |
0.7 |
1.0 |
| Census
region |
| Northeast |
24.7 |
1.9 |
1.8 |
0.7 |
0.8 |
| Midwest |
20.1 |
1.9 |
2.1 |
0.4 |
0.3 |
| South |
13.6 |
1.8 |
1.6 |
0.7 |
0.6 |
| West |
21.2 |
1.5 |
1.8 |
0.9 |
1.3 |
| a Includes
the Department of Veterans Affairs; CHAMPUS or TRICARE
(Armed-Forces-related coverage); Indian Health Service;
military treatment facilities; Federal, State, and local
programs other than Medicaid; and other kinds of insurance
not specified. |
| b Includes
all other ethnic/racial groups not shown separately. |
| c Includes
population with private and public coverage. |
| d Poor
refers to persons living in families with incomes below
the Federal poverty line; near poor, over the poverty
line through 125 percent of the poverty line; low income,
over 125 percent through 200 percent of the poverty
line; middle income, over 200 percent through 400 percent
of the poverty line; and high income, over 400 percent
of the poverty line. |
| e For
individuals ages 16 and over. |
| Source: Center
for Financing, Access, and Cost Trends, Agency for Healthcare
Research and Quality: Medical Expenditure Panel Survey,
1996-2000. |
Table
D. Dental
services: Standard errors for mean expense per person
with a visit and percent distribution of source
of payment, by selected population characteristics,
United States, 1997
Corresponds to Table 4 |
| |
|
Source
of payment
|
Population
characteristic |
Mean
expense
per person
with a visit |
Out
of
pocket |
Private
health
insurance |
Medicaid |
Othera |
| |
Standard
error
|
Total |
9.2 |
1.0 |
1.0 |
0.3 |
0.4 |
| Age
in years |
| Under
6 |
8.7 |
3.0 |
3.6 |
3.5 |
1.0 |
|
6-18 |
20.0 |
1.6 |
1.9 |
0.9 |
0.9 |
| 19-44 |
11.8 |
1.4 |
1.4 |
0.3 |
0.5 |
| 45-64 |
25.1 |
2.5 |
2.3 |
0.2 |
0.5 |
| 65
and over |
23.2 |
2.3 |
1.8 |
0.8 |
1.9 |
| Sex |
| Male |
15.9 |
1.8 |
1.6 |
0.4 |
0.5 |
| Female |
11.0 |
1.0 |
1.0 |
0.4 |
0.6 |
| Race/ethnicity |
| White
and otherb |
10.4 |
1.1 |
1.1 |
0.3 |
0.4 |
| Black |
26.9 |
3.8 |
3.2 |
2.0 |
1.2 |
| Hispanic |
28.4 |
2.5 |
2.7 |
1.5 |
1.9 |
| Insurance
status |
| Under
age 65: |
11.6 |
1.2 |
1.2 |
0.2 |
0.3 |
| Any
privatec |
16.0 |
4.5 |
0.0 |
4.4 |
2.0 |
| Public
only |
28.1 |
3.4 |
0.0 |
0.0 |
3.4 |
| Uninsured |
| Age
65 and over: |
| Medicare
only |
56.6 |
6.6 |
0.0 |
0.0 |
6.6 |
| Medicare
and private |
26.7 |
2.4 |
2.2 |
0.4 |
1.0 |
| Medicare
and other public |
82.9 |
15.1 |
0.0 |
17.9 |
4.6 |
| Incomed |
| Poor |
24.4 |
4.1 |
2.5 |
4.2 |
1.5 |
| Near
poor |
32.5 |
5.7 |
5.7 |
1.8 |
3.5 |
| Low
income |
22.8 |
2.7 |
2.3 |
0.7 |
2.8 |
| Middle
income |
11.7 |
1.6 |
1.6 |
0.1 |
0.7 |
| High
income |
17.3 |
1.6 |
1.5 |
0.1 |
0.4 |
| Employment
statuse |
| Employed |
13.2 |
1.6 |
1.5 |
0.1 |
0.5 |
| Not
employed |
16.1 |
1.4 |
1.4 |
0.6 |
0.9 |
| Census
region |
| Northeast |
27.4 |
2.9 |
2.6 |
0.7 |
0.4 |
| Midwest |
13.3 |
1.9 |
2.0 |
0.7 |
0.8 |
| South |
15.2 |
1.7 |
1.8 |
0.3 |
0.9 |
| West |
19.4 |
1.5 |
1.3 |
0.7 |
0.9 |
| a Includes
the Department of Veterans Affairs; CHAMPUS or TRICARE
(Armed-Forces-related coverage); Indian Health Service;
military treatment facilities; Federal, State, and local
programs other than Medicaid; and other kinds of insurance
not specified. |
| b Includes
all other ethnic/racial groups not shown separately. |
| c Includes
population with private and public coverage. |
| d Poor
refers to persons living in families with incomes below
the Federal poverty line; near poor, over the poverty
line through 125 percent of the poverty line; low income,
over 125 percent through 200 percent of the poverty
line; middle income, over 200 percent through 400 percent
of the poverty line; and high income, over 400 percent
of the poverty line. |
| e For
individuals ages 16 and over. |
| Source: Center
for Financing, Access, and Cost Trends, Agency for Healthcare
Research and Quality: Medical Expenditure Panel Survey,
1996-2000. |
Table
E. Dental services: Standard errors for mean
expense per person with a visit and percent distribution
of source of payment, by selected population characteristics,
United States, 1998
Corresponds to Table 5 |
Population
characteristic |
Mean
expense
per person
with a visit |
Source
of payment
|
Out
of
pocket |
Private
health
insurance |
Medicaid |
Othera |
| |
Standard error
|
Total |
13.3 |
1.1 |
1.1 |
0.3 |
0.4 |
| Age
in years |
| Under
6 |
10.6 |
3.5 |
3.4 |
3.1 |
1.5 |
|
6-18 |
31.0 |
2.3 |
2.2 |
1.0 |
0.5 |
| 19-44 |
15.4 |
1.7 |
1.7 |
0.5 |
0.7 |
| 45-64 |
22.5 |
1.6 |
1.6 |
0.3 |
0.8 |
| 65
and over |
51.0 |
2.4 |
2.1 |
0.2 |
1.2 |
| Sex |
| Male |
18.4 |
1.8 |
1.7 |
0.5 |
0.7 |
| Female |
17.2 |
1.4 |
1.3 |
0.4 |
0.4 |
| Race/ethnicity |
| White
and otherb |
14.9 |
1.3 |
1.3 |
0.3 |
0.4 |
| Black |
22.2 |
3.1 |
2.9 |
1.6 |
1.3 |
| Hispanic |
25.9 |
3.4 |
2.8 |
1.9 |
1.2 |
| Insurance
status |
| Under
age 65: |
14.4 |
1.1 |
1.2 |
0.1 |
0.4 |
| Any
privatec |
15.4 |
3.2 |
0.0 |
3.4 |
1.1 |
| Public
only |
51.2 |
2.0 |
0.0 |
0.0 |
2.0 |
| Uninsured |
| Age
65 and over: |
| Medicare
only |
105.8 |
3.6 |
0.0 |
0.0 |
3.6 |
| Medicare
and private |
55.1 |
3.1 |
2.8 |
0.0 |
0.5 |
| Medicare
and other public |
45.4 |
7.4 |
0.0 |
4.8 |
6.3 |
| Incomed |
| Poor |
28.0 |
5.2 |
2.3 |
4.7 |
1.5 |
| Near
poor |
48.8 |
6.2 |
4.4 |
5.3 |
0.3 |
| Low
income |
36.5 |
4.2 |
3.4 |
1.9 |
1.3 |
| Middle
income |
20.6 |
2.1 |
2.2 |
0.2 |
0.6 |
| High
income |
18.5 |
1.3 |
1.4 |
0.0 |
0.6 |
| Employment
statuse |
| Employed |
14.6 |
1.3 |
1.4 |
0.2 |
0.5 |
| Not
employed |
28.0 |
2.1 |
1.7 |
0.6 |
1.0 |
| Census
region |
| Northeast |
34.4 |
2.1 |
2.0 |
0.8 |
0.8 |
| Midwest |
17.5 |
2.2 |
2.2 |
0.4 |
0.5 |
| South |
23.0 |
1.9 |
1.9 |
0.3 |
0.8 |
| West |
30.3 |
2.3 |
2.3 |
0.9 |
0.7 |
| a Includes
the Department of Veterans Affairs; CHAMPUS or TRICARE
(Armed-Forces-related coverage); Indian Health Service;
military treatment facilities; Federal, State, and local
programs other than Medicaid; and other kinds of insurance
not specified. |
| b Includes
all other ethnic/racial groups not shown separately. |
| c Includes
population with private and public coverage. |
| d Poor
refers to persons living in families with incomes below
the Federal poverty line; near poor, over the poverty
line through 125 percent of the poverty line; low income,
over 125 percent through 200 percent of the poverty
line; middle income, over 200 percent through 400 percent
of the poverty line; and high income, over 400 percent
of the poverty line. |
| e For
individuals ages 16 and over. |
| Source: Center
for Financing, Access, and Cost Trends, Agency for Healthcare
Research and Quality: Medical Expenditure Panel Survey,
1996-2000. |
Table
F. Dental services: Standard errors for mean
expense per person with a visit and percent distribution
of source of payment, by selected population characteristics,
United States, 1999
Corresponds to Table 6 |
| |
|
Source
of payment
|
Population
characteristic |
Mean
expense
per person
with a visit |
Out
of
pocket |
Private
health
insurance |
Medicaid |
Othera |
| |
Standard
error
|
Total |
13.4 |
1.2 |
1.1 |
0.4 |
0.4 |
| Age
in years |
| Under
6 |
17.1 |
4.7 |
5.6 |
8.5 |
1.4 |
|
6-18 |
35.4 |
2.2 |
2.2 |
1.0 |
0.6 |
| 19-44 |
14.0 |
1.5 |
1.5 |
0.7 |
0.5 |
| 45-64 |
21.3 |
1.7 |
1.6 |
0.2 |
0.7 |
| 65
and over |
32.5 |
2.5 |
2.1 |
0.4 |
0.9 |
| Sex |
| Male |
16.2 |
1.7 |
1.7 |
0.6 |
0.4 |
| Female |
16.7 |
1.3 |
1.2 |
0.5 |
0.5 |
| Race/ethnicity |
| White
and otherb |
14.8 |
1.3 |
1.2 |
0.4 |
0.4 |
| Black |
30.5 |
3.3 |
3.7 |
2.4 |
1.1 |
| Hispanic |
23.5 |
2.8 |
2.6 |
1.0 |
1.1 |
| Insurance
status |
| Under
age 65: |
15.0 |
1.3 |
1.2 |
0.2 |
0.4 |
| Any
privatec |
24.7 |
4.2 |
0.0 |
4.6 |
2.2 |
| Public
only |
31.0 |
3.1 |
0.0 |
0.0 |
3.1 |
| Uninsured |
| Age
65 and over: |
| Medicare
only |
94.5 |
2.0 |
0.0 |
0.0 |
2.0 |
| Medicare
and private |
31.6 |
3.0 |
2.6 |
0.0 |
1.1 |
| Medicare
and other public |
41.6 |
9.0 |
0.0 |
8.7 |
4.0 |
| Incomed |
| Poor |
26.6 |
3.8 |
3.1 |
4.3 |
1.5 |
| Near
poor |
33.6 |
7.0 |
3.0 |
6.9 |
3.2 |
| Low
income |
25.0 |
3.1 |
3.1 |
2.2 |
1.3 |
| Middle
income |
18.2 |
1.9 |
1.8 |
0.6 |
0.6 |
| High
income |
20.4 |
1.7 |
1.6 |
0.1 |
0.5 |
| Employment
statuse |
| Employed |
13.6 |
1.2 |
1.3 |
0.3 |
0.4 |
| Not
employed |
20.2 |
2.0 |
1.8 |
0.8 |
0.6 |
| Census
region |
| Northeast |
29.8 |
2.7 |
2.1 |
1.0 |
0.6 |
| Midwest |
16.4 |
2.3 |
2.2 |
0.3 |
0.7 |
| South |
17.1 |
1.9 |
1.7 |
0.5 |
0.6 |
| West |
40.7 |
2.4 |
2.5 |
1.0 |
0.9 |
| a Includes
the Department of Veterans Affairs; CHAMPUS or TRICARE
(Armed-Forces-related coverage); Indian Health Service;
military treatment facilities; Federal, State, and local
programs other than Medicaid; and other kinds of insurance
not specified. |
| b Includes
all other ethnic/racial groups not shown separately. |
| c Includes
population with private and public coverage. |
| d Poor
refers to persons living in families with incomes below
the Federal poverty line; near poor, over the poverty
line through 125 percent of the poverty line; low income,
over 125 percent through 200 percent of the poverty
line; middle income, over 200 percent through 400 percent
of the poverty line; and high income, over 400 percent
of the poverty line. |
| e For
individuals ages 16 and over. |
| Source: Center
for Financing, Access, and Cost Trends, Agency for Healthcare
Research and Quality: Medical Expenditure Panel Survey,
1996-2000. |
Table
G. Dental services: Standard errors for mean
expense per person with a visit and percent distribution
of source of payment, by selected population characteristics,
United States, 2000
Corresponds to Table 7 |
| |
|
Source
of payment
|
Population
characteristic |
Mean
expense
per person
with a visit |
Out
of
pocket |
Private
health
insurance |
Medicaid |
Othera |
| |
Standard
error
|
Total |
14.2 |
1.1 |
1.1 |
0.9 |
0.4 |
| Age
in years |
| Under
6 |
20.5 |
3.3 |
4.2 |
6.7 |
2.6 |
|
6-18 |
45.0 |
2.8 |
3.3 |
1.6 |
0.4 |
| 19-44 |
17.1 |
1.8 |
2.0 |
2.5 |
0.8 |
| 45-64 |
23.0 |
1.5 |
1.6 |
0.3 |
0.8 |
| 65
and over |
34.0 |
2.2 |
1.8 |
0.1 |
1.1 |
| Sex |
| Male |
17.4 |
1.3 |
1.5 |
1.6 |
0.7 |
| Female |
22.2 |
1.6 |
1.7 |
0.8 |
0.4 |
| Race/ethnicity |
| White
and otherb |
15.9 |
1.2 |
1.2 |
1.0 |
0.4 |
| Black |
38.7 |
4.1 |
4.7 |
1.6 |
1.1 |
| Hispanic |
31.2 |
3.1 |
2.6 |
1.1 |
1.2 |
| Insurance
status |
| Under
age 65: |
19.2 |
1.3 |
1.1 |
0.8 |
0.4 |
| Any
privatec |
30.2 |
4.6 |
0.0 |
4.7 |
1.9 |
| Public
only |
46.7 |
3.7 |
0.0 |
0.0 |
3.7 |
| Uninsured |
| Age
65 and over: |
| Medicare
only |
70.8 |
3.0 |
0.0 |
0.0 |
3.0 |
| Medicare
and private |
37.9 |
2.6 |
2.4 |
0.0 |
0.7 |
| Medicare
and other public |
106.5 |
11.4 |
0.0 |
4.7 |
14.5 |
| Incomed |
| Poor |
34.6 |
4.0 |
4.7 |
4.5 |
3.3 |
| Near
poor |
128.4 |
10.7 |
8.4 |
16.5 |
2.6 |
| Low
income |
29.3 |
3.0 |
2.4 |
2.6 |
1.3 |
| Middle
income |
25.3 |
2.2 |
1.9 |
1.4 |
0.8 |
| High
income |
27.1 |
1.6 |
1.6 |
0.1 |
0.5 |
| Employment
statuse |
| Employed |
14.4 |
1.3 |
1.3 |
1.3 |
0.6 |
| Not
employed |
26.8 |
1.6 |
1.6 |
1.1 |
0.8 |
| Census
region |
| Northeast |
26.5 |
1.7 |
2.0 |
1.1 |
0.9 |
| Midwest |
24.7 |
1.5 |
1.6 |
1.4 |
0.8 |
| South |
26.9 |
2.6 |
2.7 |
0.2 |
0.8 |
| West |
42.8 |
2.9 |
2.3 |
3.0 |
0.6 |
| a Includes
the Department of Veterans Affairs; CHAMPUS or TRICARE
(Armed-Forces-related coverage); Indian Health Service;
military treatment facilities; Federal, State, and local
programs other than Medicaid; and other kinds of insurance
not specified. |
| b Includes
all other ethnic/racial groups not shown separately. |
| c Includes
population with private and public coverage. |
| d Poor
refers to persons living in families with incomes below
the Federal poverty line; near poor, over the poverty
line through 125 percent of the poverty line; low income,
over 125 percent through 200 percent of the poverty
line; middle income, over 200 percent through 400 percent
of the poverty line; and high income, over 400 percent
of the poverty line. |
| e For
individuals ages 16 and over. |
| Source: Center
for Financing, Access, and Cost Trends, Agency for Healthcare
Research and Quality: Medical Expenditure Panel Survey,
1996-2000. |
Table
H. Dental services: Standard errors for mean
out-of-pocket expense per person with a visit and
percent distribution pf amount of out-of-pocket
expense per person with a visit, by selected population
characteristics: United States, 1996
Corresponds to Table 8 |
| |
|
Out-of-pocket
expense
|
Population
characteristic |
Mean
out-of-pocket expense
per person
with a visit |
None |
$1-$99 |
$100-$199 |
$200
or more |
| |
Standard
error
|
Total |
6.4 |
0.9 |
0.8 |
0.5 |
0.5 |
| Age
in years |
| Under
6 |
5.6 |
3.3 |
3.2 |
1.8 |
1.0 |
|
6-18 |
16.0 |
1.5 |
1.4 |
0.8 |
1.0 |
| 19-44 |
8.2 |
1.2 |
1.0 |
0.6 |
0.8 |
| 45-64 |
11.8 |
1.3 |
1.2 |
0.8 |
1.0 |
| 65
and over |
21.2 |
1.3 |
1.8 |
1.4 |
1.7 |
| Sex |
| Male |
9.1 |
1.0 |
1.0 |
0.6 |
0.7 |
| Female |
8.9 |
1.0 |
0.9 |
0.6 |
0.8 |
| Race/ethnicitya |
| White
and other |
7.1 |
0.9 |
0.8 |
0.5 |
0.6 |
| Black |
22.8 |
2.9 |
2.5 |
1.1 |
1.4 |
| Hispanic |
15.1 |
2.0 |
1.9 |
1.1 |
1.3 |
| Insurance
status |
| Under
age 65: |
7.1 |
0.9 |
0.9 |
0.5 |
0.6 |
| Any
privateb |
9.0 |
2.2 |
1.9 |
0.9 |
0.9 |
| Public
only |
29.2 |
1.7 |
2.4 |
2.0 |
2.3 |
| Uninsured |
| Age
65 and over: |
| Medicare
only |
47.0 |
2.3 |
3.3 |
3.3 |
3.9 |
| Medicare
and private |
25.0 |
1.5 |
2.0 |
1.6 |
1.9 |
| Medicare
and other public |
115.8 |
8.5 |
7.5 |
4.5 |
6.4 |
| Incomec |
| Poor |
17.9 |
2.5 |
1.9 |
1.1 |
1.5 |
| Near
poor |
27.8 |
5.0 |
3.6 |
2.8 |
3.0 |
| Low
income |
14.6 |
2.2 |
2.3 |
1.4 |
1.5 |
| Middle
income |
11.0 |
1.4 |
1.3 |
0.8 |
0.9 |
| High
income |
10.7 |
1.1 |
1.1 |
0.7 |
0.8 |
| Employment
statusd |
| Employed |
7.2 |
0.9 |
0.9 |
0.6 |
0.7 |
| Not
employed |
14.0 |
1.2 |
1.2 |
0.9 |
1.1 |
| Census
region |
| Northeast |
18.3 |
1.5 |
1.3 |
1.0 |
1.2 |
| Midwest |
10.5 |
1.6 |
1.4 |
0.8 |
1.1 |
| South |
10.8 |
1.7 |
1.4 |
0.8 |
1.0 |
| West |
12.5 |
2.0 |
1.8 |
0.9 |
1.1 |
| a Includes
all other ethnic/racial groups not shown separately. |
| b Includes
population with private and public coverage. |
| c Poor
refers to persons living in families with incomes below
the Federal poverty line; near poor, over the poverty
line through 125 percent of the poverty line; low income,
over 125 percent through 200 percent of the poverty
line; middle income, over 200 percent through 400 percent
of the poverty line; and high income, over 400 percent
of the poverty line. |
| d For
individuals ages 16 and over. |
| Source: Center
for Financing, Access, and Cost Trends, Agency for Healthcare
Research and Quality: Medical Expenditure Panel Survey,
1996-2000. |
Table
I. Dental services: Standard errors for mean
out-of-pocket expense per person with a visit and
percent distribution pf amount of out-of-pocket
expense per person with a visit, by selected population
characteristics: United States, 1997
Corresponds to Table 9 |
| |
|
Out-of-pocket
expense
|
Population
characteristic |
Mean
out-of-pocket expense
per person
with a visit |
None |
$1-$99 |
$100-$199 |
$200
or more |
| |
Standard
error
|
Total |
7.3 |
0.7 |
0.7 |
0.4 |
0.5 |
| Age
in years |
| Under
6 |
5.0 |
2.9 |
2.9 |
1.3 |
1.1 |
|
6-18 |
12.1 |
1.2 |
1.3 |
0.6 |
0.8 |
| 19-44 |
8.2 |
1.0 |
1.0 |
0.6 |
0.7 |
| 45-64 |
23.4 |
1.1 |
1.1 |
0.8 |
1.0 |
| 65
and over |
17.5 |
1.1 |
1.6 |
1.3 |
1.6 |
| Sex |
| Male |
13.9 |
0.8 |
0.8 |
0.5 |
0.7 |
| Female |
7.3 |
0.8 |
0.8 |
0.5 |
0.6 |
| Race/ethnicity |
| White
and othera |
8.3 |
0.7 |
0.7 |
0.4 |
0.6 |
| Black |
20.1 |
2.3 |
2.2 |
1.1 |
1.2 |
| Hispanic |
16.0 |
1.8 |
1.6 |
0.8 |
1.4 |
| Insurance
status |
| Under
age 65: |
9.1 |
0.8 |
0.8 |
0.4 |
0.6 |
| Any
privateb |
11.7 |
2.0 |
1.8 |
0.7 |
0.9 |
| Public
only |
22.2 |
1.6 |
2.4 |
1.6 |
2.1 |
| Uninsured |
| Age
65 and over: |
| Medicare
only |
43.7 |
1.8 |
4.1 |
2.8 |
3.8 |
| Medicare
and private |
20.3 |
1.2 |
1.7 |
1.5 |
1.8 |
| Medicare
and other public |
54.8 |
7.8 |
6.9 |
4.3 |
6.0 |
| Incomec |
| Poor |
20.5 |
2.1 |
1.7 |
0.9 |
1.3 |
| Near
poor |
24.3 |
3.2 |
3.0 |
1.8 |
2.4 |
| Low
income |
15.5 |
2.3 |
2.0 |
1.1 |
1.5 |
| Middle
income |
9.4 |
1.2 |
1.1 |
0.6 |
0.9 |
| High
income |
13.9 |
1.0 |
0.9 |
0.6 |
0.8 |
| Employment
statusd |
| Employed |
11.3 |
0.9 |
0.8 |
0.6 |
0.7 |
| Not
employed |
11.7 |
1.0 |
1.1 |
0.8 |
1.0 |
| Census
region |
| Northeast |
25.6 |
1.3 |
1.4 |
0.8 |
1.0 |
| Midwest |
10.5 |
1.6 |
1.5 |
0.8 |
0.9 |
| South |
10.8 |
0.9 |
1.1 |
0.6 |
0.9 |
| West |
12.4 |
1.5 |
1.3 |
0.7 |
1.0 |
| a Includes
all other ethnic/racial groups not shown separately. |
| b Includes
population with private and public coverage. |
| c Poor
refers to persons living in families with incomes below
the Federal poverty line; near poor, over the poverty
line through 125 percent of the poverty line; low income,
over 125 percent through 200 percent of the poverty
line; middle income, over 200 percent through 400 percent
of the poverty line; and high income, over 400 percent
of the poverty line. |
| d For
individuals ages 16 and over. |
| Source: Center
for Financing, Access, and Cost Trends, Agency for Healthcare
Research and Quality: Medical Expenditure Panel Survey,
1996-2000. |
Table
J. Dental services: Standard errors for mean
out-of-pocket expense per person with a visit and
percent distribution pf amount of out-of-pocket
expense per person with a visit, by selected population
characteristics: United States, 1998
Corresponds to Table 10 |
| |
|
Out-of-pocket
expense
|
Population
characteristic |
Mean
out-of-pocket expense
per person
with a visit |
None |
$1-$99 |
$100-$199 |
$200
or more |
| |
Standard
error
|
Total |
9.4 |
0.8 |
0.9 |
0.5 |
0.6 |
| Age
in years |
| Under
6 |
7.1 |
3.3 |
3.2 |
1.7 |
1.1 |
|
6-18 |
18.0 |
1.5 |
1.6 |
0.8 |
1.0 |
| 19-44 |
10.7 |
1.2 |
1.3 |
0.7 |
0.9 |
| 45-64 |
14.4 |
1.4 |
1.2 |
1.1 |
1.2 |
| 65
and over |
46.2 |
1.4 |
1.8 |
1.7 |
2.1 |
| Sex |
| Male |
13.8 |
1.0 |
1.2 |
0.6 |
0.9 |
| Female |
12.0 |
0.8 |
1.0 |
0.6 |
0.8 |
| Race/ethnicity |
| White
and othera |
10.8 |
0.8 |
1.0 |
0.5 |
0.7 |
| Black |
15.1 |
2.5 |
2.2 |
1.2 |
1.3 |
| Hispanic |
20.0 |
2.2 |
2.0 |
1.0 |
1.3 |
| Insurance
status |
| Under
age 65: |
8.8 |
0.9 |
1.0 |
0.5 |
0.7 |
| Any
privateb |
7.2 |
2.2 |
1.9 |
0.9 |
0.9 |
| Public
only |
49.3 |
2.0 |
2.6 |
2.3 |
2.8 |
| Uninsured |
| Age
65 and over: |
| Medicare
only |
91.2 |
2.4 |
3.2 |
3.7 |
3.2 |
| Medicare
and private |
52.0 |
1.7 |
2.4 |
2.0 |
2.5 |
| Medicare
and other public |
45.3 |
5.9 |
5.8 |
4.3 |
5.7 |
| Incomec |
| Poor |
27.7 |
2.4 |
2.0 |
1.2 |
1.8 |
| Near
poor |
43.1 |
5.0 |
3.4 |
2.5 |
3.1 |
| Low
income |
32.8 |
2.4 |
2.2 |
1.6 |
1.7 |
| Middle
income |
16.6 |
1.2 |
1.2 |
0.8 |
1.0 |
| High
income |
12.2 |
1.2 |
1.3 |
0.6 |
0.9 |
| Employment
statusd |
| Employed |
9.7 |
0.9 |
1.0 |
0.6 |
0.9 |
| Not
employed |
25.1 |
1.2 |
1.4 |
1.0 |
1.2 |
| Census
region |
| Northeast |
22.9 |
1.5 |
2.3 |
0.8 |
1.8 |
| Midwest |
10.5 |
1.7 |
1.5 |
0.8 |
1.0 |
| South |
19.1 |
1.2 |
1.6 |
1.0 |
1.0 |
| West |
21.1 |
1.5 |
2.0 |
0.8 |
1.6 |
| a Includes
all other ethnic/racial groups not shown separately. |
| b Includes
population with private and public coverage. |
| c Poor
refers to persons living in families with incomes below
the Federal poverty line; near poor, over the poverty
line through 125 percent of the poverty line; low income,
over 125 percent through 200 percent of the poverty
line; middle income, over 200 percent through 400 percent
of the poverty line; and high income, over 400 percent
of the poverty line. |
| d For
individuals ages 16 and over. |
| Source: Center
for Financing, Access, and Cost Trends, Agency for Healthcare
Research and Quality: Medical Expenditure Panel Survey,
1996-2000. |
Table
K. Dental services: Standard errors for mean
out-of-pocket expense per person with a visit and
percent distribution pf amount of out-of-pocket
expense per person with a visit, by selected population
characteristics: United States, 1999
Corresponds to Table 11 |
| |
|
Out-of-pocket
expense
|
Population
characteristic |
Mean
out-of-pocket expense
per person
with a visit |
None |
$1-$99 |
$100-$199 |
$200
or more |
| |
Standard
error
|
Total |
8.7 |
0.8 |
0.8 |
0.5 |
0.6 |
| Age
in years |
| Under
6 |
7.5 |
3.2 |
2.7 |
1.9 |
1.2 |
|
6-18 |
21.3 |
1.7 |
1.5 |
0.8 |
1.0 |
| 19-44 |
8.4 |
1.1 |
1.1 |
0.7 |
0.8 |
| 45-64 |
15.1 |
1.2 |
1.3 |
0.8 |
1.1 |
| 65
and over |
31.5 |
1.0 |
1.7 |
1.6 |
1.8 |
| Sex |
| Male |
11.3 |
1.0 |
1.1 |
0.6 |
0.8 |
| Female |
11.3 |
0.9 |
0.9 |
0.6 |
0.7 |
| Race/ethnicity |
| White
and othera |
9.8 |
0.9 |
0.9 |
0.5 |
0.6 |
| Black |
14.7 |
2.4 |
2.1 |
1.3 |
1.7 |
| Hispanic |
18.3 |
1.8 |
1.8 |
0.9 |
1.1 |
| Insurance
status |
| Under
age 65: |
9.2 |
0.9 |
0.9 |
0.5 |
0.6 |
| Any
privateb |
12.4 |
2.2 |
1.7 |
0.9 |
1.4 |
| Public
only |
29.9 |
2.5 |
2.9 |
2.1 |
2.3 |
| Uninsured |
| Age
65 and over: |
| Medicare
only |
94.5 |
1.7 |
3.5 |
3.0 |
3.7 |
| Medicare
and private |
28.6 |
1.2 |
2.1 |
1.9 |
2.0 |
| Medicare
and other public |
36.5 |
6.3 |
5.7 |
4.3 |
5.9 |
| Incomec |
| Poor |
17.8 |
2.5 |
1.8 |
1.2 |
1.7 |
| Near
poor |
31.3 |
4.3 |
4.0 |
2.6 |
3.0 |
| Low
income |
16.3 |
2.1 |
2.1 |
1.7 |
1.6 |
| Middle
income |
14.1 |
1.1 |
1.2 |
0.8 |
1.1 |
| High
income |
13.8 |
1.2 |
1.1 |
0.6 |
0.8 |
| Employment
statusd |
| Employed |
9.0 |
1.0 |
1.0 |
0.6 |
0.8 |
| Not
employed |
18.3 |
1.1 |
1.2 |
1.0 |
1.3 |
| Census
region |
| Northeast |
25.7 |
1.7 |
1.6 |
0.9 |
1.6 |
| Midwest |
11.0 |
1.8 |
1.6 |
0.8 |
0.9 |
| South |
11.9 |
1.4 |
1.5 |
0.9 |
0.9 |
| West |
2.0 |
1.7 |
1.6 |
1.0 |
1.1 |
| a Includes
all other ethnic/racial groups not shown separately. |
| b Includes
population with private and public coverage. |
| c Poor
refers to persons living in families with incomes below
the Federal poverty line; near poor, over the poverty
line through 125 percent of the poverty line; low income,
over 125 percent through 200 percent of the poverty
line; middle income, over 200 percent through 400 percent
of the poverty line; and high income, over 400 percent
of the poverty line. |
| d For
individuals ages 16 and over. |
| Source: Center
for Financing, Access, and Cost Trends, Agency for Healthcare
Research and Quality: Medical Expenditure Panel Survey,
1996-2000. |
Table L.
Dental services: Standard errors for mean out-of-pocket
expense per person with a visit and percent distribution
pf amount of out-of-pocket expense per person with
a visit, by selected population characteristics: United
States, 2000
Corresponds to Table 12 |
| |
|
Out-of-pocket
expense
|
Population
characteristic |
Mean
out-of-pocket expense
per person
with a visit |
None |
$1-$99 |
$100-$199 |
$200
or more |
| |
Standard
error
|
Total |
8.1 |
0.8 |
0.7 |
0.5 |
0.6 |
| Age
in years |
| Under
6 |
6.8 |
3.6 |
3.1 |
1.6 |
1.2 |
|
6-18 |
25.0 |
1.4 |
1.2 |
0.8 |
1.1 |
| 19-44 |
7.7 |
1.0 |
1.1 |
0.9 |
0.8 |
| 45-64 |
16.6 |
1.2 |
1.0 |
0.9 |
1.2 |
| 65
and over |
26.0 |
1.2 |
1.6 |
1.3 |
2.0 |
| Sex |
| Male |
9.9 |
0.9 |
0.9 |
0.6 |
0.7 |
| Female |
12.9 |
0.9 |
0.8 |
0.7 |
0.7 |
| Race/ethnicity |
| White
and othera |
9.2 |
0.8 |
0.7 |
0.5 |
0.6 |
| Black |
18.6 |
2.9 |
2.6 |
1.0 |
1.6 |
| Hispanic |
21.2 |
2.1 |
1.8 |
1.3 |
1.3 |
| Insurance
status |
| Under
age 65: |
9.3 |
0.9 |
0.8 |
0.5 |
0.7 |
| Any
privateb |
15.1 |
1.9 |
1.4 |
0.7 |
1.2 |
| Public
only |
41.2 |
2.0 |
2.3 |
2.0 |
2.0 |
| Uninsured |
| Age
65 and over: |
| Medicare
only |
62.5 |
1.9 |
3.0 |
2.6 |
3.4 |
| Medicare
and private |
26.8 |
1.3 |
2.0 |
1.7 |
2.2 |
| Medicare
and other public |
33.3 |
6.0 |
4.0 |
5.7 |
4.3 |
| Incomec |
| Poor |
18.0 |
2.8 |
2.1 |
1.4 |
1.4 |
| Near
poor |
26.9 |
4.7 |
3.4 |
2.3 |
3.0 |
| Low
income |
22.4 |
2.2 |
2.2 |
1.7 |
1.7 |
| Middle
income |
15.3 |
1.4 |
1.1 |
0.8 |
1.0 |
| High
income |
1.2 |
1.0 |
0.9 |
0.7 |
0.9 |
| Employment
statusd |
| Employed |
8.3 |
0.9 |
0.8 |
0.6 |
0.8 |
| Not
employed |
19.0 |
1.0 |
1.2 |
0.9 |
1.2 |
| Census
region |
| Northeast |
16.8 |
1.8 |
1.9 |
1.1 |
1.2 |
| Midwest |
14.8 |
1.5 |
1.1 |
0.8 |
0.9 |
| South |
12.6 |
1.3 |
1.0 |
0.8 |
1.0 |
| West |
21.6 |
2.0 |
1.5 |
1.1 |
1.4 |
| a Includes
all other ethnic/racial groups not shown separately. |
| b Includes
population with private and public coverage. |
| c Poor
refers to persons living in families with incomes below
the Federal poverty line; near poor, over the poverty
line through 125 percent of the poverty line; low income,
over 125 percent through 200 percent of the poverty
line; middle income, over 200 percent through 400 percent
of the poverty line; and high income, over 400 percent
of the poverty line. |
| d For
individuals ages 16 and over. |
| Source: Center
for Financing, Access, and Cost Trends, Agency for Healthcare
Research and Quality: Medical Expenditure Panel Survey,
1996-2000. |
^top
Suggested
Citation:
Brown, Jr., E. and Manski, R.
Research Findings #20: Dental Services: Use, Expenses,
and Sources
of Payment, 1996-2000. January
2004. Agency
for Healthcare Research and Quality, Rockville,
MD.
http://www.meps.ahrq.gov/data_files/publications/rf20/rf20.shtml
|
|
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