Resarch
Findings #21: Health Care Expenses in the United States, 2000
Trena M. Ezzati-Rice, M.S., David Kashihara,
M.S., and Steven R. Machlin, M.S.
This report from the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality
presents descriptive data on health care spending in the United States.
Estimates are based on data from the 2000 Medical Expenditure Panel
Survey (MEPS) and cover the civilian noninstitutionalized U.S. population.
Estimates of total health care expenses and expenses for hospital
inpatient services, ambulatory services (including office-based,
hospital outpatient, and emergency room visits), prescription medicines,
dental services, home health services, and other medical equipment
and supplies are provided. The proportion of people with expenses;
mean and median expenses; and the proportion of expenses paid by
various sources, including out of pocket, Medicare, Medicaid, and
private insurance, are shown for each type of service. In addition,
distributions of expenses and sources of payment across the population
are examined by selected demographic, geographic, and socioeconomic
characteristics and by health insurance and health status.
The estimates in this report are based on the most recent data available
at the time the report was written. However, selected elements of
MEPS data may be revised on the basis of additional analyses, which
could result in slightly different estimates from those shown here.
Please check the MEPS Web site for the most current file releases.
Suggested citation
Ezzati-Rice TM, Kashihara D, Machlin SR.
Health care expenses in the United States, 2000. Rockville (MD):
Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality; 2004. MEPS Research
Findings No. 21. AHRQ Pub. No. 04-0022.
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The Medical Expenditure Panel Survey (MEPS)
collects detailed information on health care use, expenses,
sources of payment, and insurance coverage from a nationally
representative sample of the U.S. civilian noninstitutionalized
(community) population. The health care system in the United
States is continually changing in keeping with technological
advancements in medical care and other factors. As a result,
aggregate spending on health care, sources of payment for services
and care, and specific expenses such as prescription medicines
also change.
This report primarily provides estimates of expenses for health
care based on data from the 2000 MEPS, but it also includes
selected comparisons with 1996 MEPS estimates. The expense estimates
for 2000 and 1996 presented and/or cited in this report were
obtained from the compendia of tables available on the MEPS
Web site at http://www.meps.ahrq.gov/data_public.htm. Expenses
are defined as direct payments for health services and care
received during the year. Expenses include out-of-pocket payments
made by individuals and payments made by private insurance,
Medicare, Medicaid, and other sources. Payments for over-the-counter
drugs and some alternative care services are not included. Indirect
payments not related to specific medical events, such as Medicaid
Disproportionate Share and Medicare Direct Medical Education
subsidies, are also not included.
The report provides aggregate estimates of health care expenses,
as well as estimates for hospital inpatient services, hospital
outpatient services, emergency room services, office-based medical
provider services, prescription medicines, dental services,
home health services, and other medical equipment and services.
It also shows the proportion of people whose expenses were paid
by various sources, including out of pocket, private insurance,
Medicare, Medicaid, and other sources, for each type of service.
In addition, distributions of expenses and sources of payment
across the population are examined by selected demographic,
socioeconomic, and geographic characteristics and by health
status and health insurance status.
All differences between estimates discussed in the text are
statistically significant at the 0.05 level. Detailed information
on data sources and methods of estimation, along with definitions
of the variables and categories used in this report, are included
in the Technical Appendix.
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Total
Health Care Expenses
Type of Service
In 2000, the approximately 278.4 million people in the U.S.
community population had health care expenses of about $627.9
billion. Table 1 shows that hospital inpatient care accounted
for the largest share of total expenses (36.7 percent). The
next largest share was for ambulatory services (31.9 percent),
almost two-thirds of which were office-based medical services.
Prescription medicines accounted for about 16.4 percent of total
expenses. The remaining expenses were for dental care (8.8 percent),
home health services (4.1 percent), and other medical equipment
and services (2.1 percent).
Data on health expenses for 1996, shown on the MEPS Web site
at http://www.meps.ahrq.gov/data_public.htm, reveal some interesting
changes over the period 1996-2000. The percent of total health
care expenses accounted for by prescription medicines rose from
11.9 percent in 1996 to 16.4 percent in 2000. On the other hand,
the percent of total expenses going for home health services
decreased from 6.2 percent in 1996 to 4.1 percent in 2000.
Source of Payment
In 2000, 83.5 percent
of the U.S. community population had medical expenses (Table
2). The mean expense among those with expenses was $2,700.
The median expense was much lower, $721. The large difference
between the mean and median expenses results from a very small
proportion of the population that accounts for a disproportionate
share of the overall health care expenses. For example, in
2000, the 1 percent of the population with the highest health
care expenses accounted for about one-quarter of the total
health care expenses for the community population, and this
level of skewed concentration of health care expenses has
been fairly stable over time (Berk and Monheit, 2001). Because
of the large difference between mean and median expenses,
this report emphasizes medians rather than means when comparing
subgroups.
Nearly one-fifth (19.4 percent) of total expenses were paid
out of pocket, while the remainder was paid by third parties.
Private health insurance was the largest third-party payer of
medical expenses (40.5 percent), followed by Medicare (20.9
percent) and Medicaid (9.8 percent).
Demographic, Geographic, and Health Status
Characteristics
In 2000, an estimated
95.5 percent of the population 65 and over had medical expenses.
This compares to 81.8 percent of the population under 65 years
old (Table 2). In addition to being more likely to have medical
expenses, the older population also had much higher mean expenses
than the younger population group ($6,140 versus $2,127).
The largest single payer of medical expenses among the population
65 and over was Medicare (54.7 percent), while private health
insurance was the largest source of payment (52.8 percent)
for the under-65 population.
The median expense among those with an expense was lower for
children under 6 ($267) than for children 6-17 years ($335).
The proportion of expenses paid out of pocket was lower for
children under 6 (10.3 percent) than for children 6-17 (27.7
percent).
A higher proportion of females than males had medical expenses
(88.4 percent versus 78.4 percent). The median expense per person
among females with an expense was $871, as opposed to $580 for
males.
The proportion of people with medical expenses was lower for
Hispanics (70.3 percent) and blacks (73.2 percent) than for
whites/others (87.4 percent). (About 95 percent of the white/other
category is white.) The median expense for people with an expense
was lower for Hispanics ($386) and blacks ($411) than for whites/others
($833).
A higher percentage of out-of-pocket expenses were paid by
whites/others (20.3 percent) and Hispanics (18.9 percent) than
by blacks (12.2 percent). The percent of expenses paid by Medicaid
was lower for whites (7.8 percent) than for blacks (18.9 percent)
and Hispanics (19.3 percent).
While the percent of people with medical expenses did not differ
between people residing in metropolitan statistical areas (MSAs)
and those living in non-MSAs, the median medical expense was
lower for people living in MSAs ($702, compared to $816 for
people living in non-MSAs). The percent of people with medical
expenses was lower in the South (81.6) and West (81.3) than
in the Northeast (86.5) or Midwest (86.2).
People with better perceived health status were less likely
to have an expense and had generally lower expenses. For example,
79.3 percent of people with excellent perceived health status
had medical expenses in 2000, and the median expense for those
who had expenses was $416. In contrast, 97.0 percent of people
with poor perceived health status had medical expenses, with
a median expense of $5,129. In the aggregate, higher proportions
of expenses were paid out of pocket or by private insurance
for those with better health status, whereas Medicare and Medicaid
paid for larger proportions of expenses incurred by those in
poorer health.
Insurance and Income
Among people under 65 years of age, 57.3 percent of the uninsured,
83.3 percent of those with only public insurance, and 85.9 percent
of those with any private insurance had medical expenses. The
median total expense for uninsured people was $305, lower than
the figure for people with public insurance ($465) or any private
insurance ($638). While out-of-pocket payments constituted a
substantially higher proportion of expenses for the uninsured
(40.4 percent) than for people with private insurance (21.0
percent) or public insurance (9.7 percent), other sources such
as the Department of Veterans Affairs, public clinics, and other
miscellaneous public and private sources paid for a substantial
portion (59.6 percent) of medical expenses for the uninsured.
There was no statistically significant difference between the
percent of elderly people with medical expenses by type of insurance
coverage (ranging from 94.7 percent to 96.4 percent). The proportion
of out-of-pocket spending was about two times higher for those
with Medicare only (22.2 percent) than for those with Medicare
and other public coverage (10.4 percent).
In general, people with lower income were less likely than
people with higher income to incur medical expenses and had
lower median expenses. For example, 77.3 percent of poor people
(those with incomes below the Federal poverty level) had medical
expenses, with a median expense of $524, while 88.2 percent
of high-income people (those with incomes over 400 percent of
the Federal poverty level) had medical expenses and their median
expense was $815. (The positive relationship for median expenses
did not hold for mean expenses, however.) People with lower
income paid a smaller percentage of their health care expenses
out of pocket and more of their expenses were paid by Medicaid.
For example, poor people paid only 13.9 percent of their medical
expenses out of pocket, while Medicaid paid 34.3 percent. In
contrast, 22.3 percent of expenses for high-income people were
paid out of pocket and 55.6 percent by private insurance.
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Hospital
Inpatient Services
The expenditure estimates for hospital inpatient services
shown in Table 3 include room and board and all hospital diagnostic
and laboratory expenses associated with the basic facility charge,
payments for separately billed physician inpatient services,
and emergency room expenses incurred immediately prior to inpatient
stays.
In 2000, 7.6 percent of the U.S. community population incurred
hospital inpatient expenses totaling approximately $230 billion.
Like total health care expenses, inpatient expenses are highly
skewed, as evidenced by the approximately twofold difference
between the mean expense per person with an expense ($10,917)
and the median ($5,195).
Slightly more than three-quarters of hospital inpatient expenses
were paid by private insurance and Medicare (40.7 and 35.9 percent,
respectively), while out-of-pocket payments accounted for only
2.2 percent.
Demographic, Geographic, and Health Status Characteristics
People 65 years of age and over were 3.2 times as likely to
incur hospital inpatient expenses as people under 65 (19.0 percent
versus 5.9 percent). Also, the median expense per person with
an expense was higher for the elderly than the non-elderly ($9,160
versus $4,372).
The largest source of payment for the elderly was Medicare,
which accounted for 75.7 percent of the payments for inpatient
services for this age group. The largest source of payment for
the non-elderly was private insurance, which accounted for 59.4
percent of their expenses.
Females were more likely than males to have had hospital inpatient
expenses (9.2 percent and 5.9 percent, respectively). However,
the median expense per person with an expense was higher for
males ($6,695) than for females ($4,556).
The proportion of the population with a hospital inpatient
expense was higher for blacks (7.7 percent) and whites/others
(7.9 percent) than for Hispanics (5.3 percent). There were no
statistically significant differences by race/ethnicity in the
proportion of inpatient expenses paid by Medicare or private
insurance. However, the share of expenses paid out of pocket
was higher for Hispanics (4.5 percent) than for whites/others
(2.1 percent) or blacks (1.7 percent; note: relative standard
error equal to or greater than 30 percent). Further, the percent
of expenses paid by Medicaid was higher for blacks (16.4 percent)
and Hispanics (18.4 percent) than for whites/others (7.9 percent).
The percent of people with hospital inpatient expenses was
higher in non-MSA areas (9.1 percent) than in MSAs (7.2 percent).
A higher percentage of people in the South and Midwest Regions
had hospital inpatient expenses (8.3 and 8.1 percent, respectively)
compared to people in the West Region (6.2 percent).
The more negative people’s
perceived health status was, the more likely they were to
incur inpatient expenses, and their
mean and median expenses also increased. For example, 3.7 percent
of people with excellent perceived health had hospital inpatient
expenses and the median total expense for those who had an expense
was $4,185. In contrast, 36.4 percent of people with poor perceived
health had hospital inpatient expenses and their median expense
of $8,876 was about two times that of people with excellent
health status.
Insurance and Income
Among people under 65 years of age, hospital inpatient expenses
were incurred by 3.5 percent of uninsured people, 12.4 percent
of those with public insurance only, and 5.4 percent of those
with any private insurance. The median expense for people with
any private insurance ($4,925) was higher than the medians for
public only insurance ($3,761) and uninsured ($3,426).
Among the elderly, people with Medicare and other public insurance
were more likely to have hospital inpatient expenses (25.9 percent)
than those with Medicare only (17.4 percent) or Medicare and
private insurance (18.8 percent).
In general, people with lower incomes were more likely to have
hospital inpatient expenses and lower median expenses. For example,
among poor people, 11.3 percent had hospital inpatient expenses
and the median expense for those with an expense was $4,377.
In contrast, among people with high income, 5.7 percent had
hospital inpatient expenses and the median expense was $6,477.
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Office-Based
Medical Provider Services
Expenses for visits to medical providers
seen in office-based settings are shown in Table 4. In 2000,
slightly more than two-thirds (68.8 percent) of the U.S. community
population had office-based medical provider services and the
expenses for these services totaled about $126 billion (Table
4). The mean expense for those with an expense was $657 and
the median expense was $243. Private insurance was the single
largest payer, accounting for 48.5 percent of total expenses
for office-based medical care. The next two largest payer sources
were out-of-pocket payments (17.8 percent) and payments by Medicare
(16.8 percent).
Demographic, Geographic, and Health Status Characteristics
The proportion of people with office-based medical provider
expenses was higher among the elderly (87.6 percent) than the
non-elderly (66.1 percent). There was a generally positive relationship
between age and median expenses per person. For example, the
median expense per person with an expense was $490 for the elderly
and $212 for the non-elderly. Among the elderly, the largest
single source of payment was Medicare, which accounted for 59.0
percent of the payments for office-based care. Private insurance
paid for another 18.6 percent and out-of-pocket spending was
11.4 percent. In this age group, Medicaid paid for only 3.3
percent of office-based care. In comparison, for the non-elderly,
private insurance accounted for 58.1 percent of expenses for
office-based care, out-of-pocket spending 19.9 percent, and
Medicaid 6.6 percent.
More than three-quarters (78.5 percent) of children under 6
had expenses for office-based medical provider services, compared
to 60.9 percent of children 6-17. The median expense per child
was higher for children under 6 ($160) than for children 6-17
($127).
Females were more likely than males to have expenses for office-based
medical care (75.4 percent versus 61.9 percent). Females also
had a higher median total expense per person than males ($278
versus $207). The proportion of expenses paid out of pocket
was higher for females (19.0 percent) than males (16.1 percent).
Whites/others were more likely than blacks or Hispanics to
have had expenses for office-based medical care (73.2 percent
versus 56.0 and 55.0 percent, respectively), and they had higher
median expenses ($268 versus $150 and $165, respectively). The
proportion of expenses paid out of pocket was higher for Hispanics
(19.4 percent) and whites/others (18.2 percent) than for blacks
(12.0 percent). With respect to public coverage, Medicaid covered
a higher proportion of expenses for blacks (13.5 percent) and
Hispanics (12.4 percent) than for whites/others (4.6 percent),
while Medicare covered a higher proportion of expenses for blacks
(18.6 percent) and whites/others (17.1 percent) than for Hispanics
(9.9 percent).
There were no statistically significant differences by MSA
status in the percent with office-based expenses, the median
expense, or the distribution of sources of payment. With respect
to Census region, people in the South and West (66.8 and 65.2
percent) were less likely to have expenses for office-based
medical care than people in the Northeast and Midwest (73.2
and 71.8 percent).
People with better perceived health status were less likely
to have expenses for office-based care, and annual expenses
for those receiving care tended to be lower. For example, 61.1
percent of people with excellent perceived health status had
expenses for office-based medical care and the median expense
for those who had an expense was $174. In contrast, 87.1 percent
of people with poor perceived health status had expenses for
office-based medical care, with a median expense of $676.
Insurance and Income
Among the non-elderly population, the proportion with expenses
for office-based medical care was much lower for the uninsured
(38.8 percent) than for those who had public insurance only
(68.0 percent) or any private insurance (70.7 percent). The
median expense of $137 for uninsured people was lower than the
median expense for those with public only insurance ($163) or
any private insurance ($226).
Among the elderly, the proportion with expenses for office-based
care was higher for those with Medicare and private insurance
(89.0 percent) than those with Medicare only (85.6 percent).
The median expense for those with an expense was also higher
for people with Medicare and private insurance ($548) than the
Medicare-only group ($393).
People with lower income were less likely than those with higher
income to incur expenses for office-based medical provider services,
and the median expense was also lower. For example, 61.2 percent
of poor people had expenses for office-based care and their
median expense was $182. However, 73.9 percent of high-income
people had these expenses and their median expense was $270.
As income increased, the proportion of expenses paid out of
pocket or by private insurance increased. For example, 10.5
percent of expenses among the poor were paid out of pocket and
18.9 percent were paid by private insurance. In comparison,
21.7 percent of the expenses for the high-income group were
paid out of pocket and 60.6 percent by private insurance. About
one-third (33.9 percent) of expenses for poor people were paid
by Medicaid.
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Hospital
Outpatient Services
The expenses for hospital outpatient
services shown in Table 5 comprise expenses for visits to both
physicians and other medical providers seen in hospital outpatient
departments, including payments for services covered under the
basic facility charge and those for separately billed physician
services. In 2000, 13.1 percent of the U.S. community population
incurred about $55 billion in expenses for hospital outpatient
services. The mean expense per person among those with an expense
was $1,501 and the median expense was $555.
Approximately one-half of hospital outpatient services were
paid for by private insurance (52.9 percent). Medicare was the
second largest payer for hospital outpatient expenses (22.2
percent), while out-of-pocket payments and payments by Medicaid
accounted for lower proportions-7.5 and 5.0 percent, respectively.
Demographic, Geographic, and Health Status Characteristics
Elderly people were 2.6 times as likely as non-elderly people
to incur hospital outpatient expenses (28.3 percent versus 11.0
percent). The largest source of payment for the elderly was
Medicare, which accounted for 56.5 percent of their expenses
for hospital outpatient services. The largest source of payment
for the non-elderly was private insurance, which accounted for
68.0 percent of their expenses.
Females were more likely than males to have hospital outpatient
expenses (15.9 percent versus 10.2 percent). However, the median
expense per person with an expense was higher for males ($683)
than for females ($462).
The proportion of the population with any hospital outpatient
expenses was lower for blacks (8.9 percent) and Hispanics (7.4
percent) than for whites/others (14.8 percent). The median expense
was also lower for blacks ($383) than whites/others ($577).
A lower proportion of people incurred hospital outpatient expenses
in the South (11.5 percent) and West (10.0 percent) than in
the Northeast (16.4 percent) and Midwest (16.0 percent).
People with better perceived health status were less likely
to incur expenses for hospital outpatient services and tended
to have lower expenses. For example, 7.4 percent of people with
excellent perceived health had hospital outpatient service expenses,
and the median expense for those who had expenses was $362.
In contrast, 30.8 percent of people with poor perceived health
had these expenses, and their median expense was $1,098.
Insurance and Income
Among the non-elderly population, hospital outpatient expenses
were incurred by a smaller proportion of the uninsured (5.0
percent) than by people with any private insurance (12.0 percent)
or public insurance only (11.1 percent). Among the elderly,
those with Medicare and private insurance were more likely to
incur hospital outpatient expenses (32.5 percent) than either
those with Medicare only (22.5 percent) or those with Medicare
and other public insurance (24.5 percent).
In general, people with lower income were less likely to incur
hospital outpatient expenses and had lower median expenses.
For example, 10.0 percent of poor people had hospital outpatient
expenses, with a median expense for those who had expenses of
$377. However, 14.5 percent of people in the high-income category
had these expenses, with a median expense of $581.
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Emergency
Room Services
In 2000, 11.6 percent of the U.S. community
population incurred expenses of $19.2 billion for hospital emergency
room services (Table 6). These expenses include payments for
services covered under the basic facility charge and those for
separately billed physician services, but exclude expenses for
emergency room services followed by a hospital admission. The
mean expense per person with an expense was $594 and the median
was $315.
Private insurance paid for almost one-half of emergency room
expenses (46.1 percent). Medicare was the second largest payer
of emergency room expenses (17.9 percent), with lower shares
for out-of-pocket (12.2 percent) and Medicaid payments (8.4
percent).
Demographic, Geographic, and Health Status Characteristics
The elderly were more likely to incur emergency room expenses
than the non-elderly (16.8 percent versus 10.9 percent). The
largest source of payment for emergency room expenses for the
elderly was Medicare, which paid for 67.3 percent of their expenses.
The largest source of payment for the non-elderly was private
insurance, which paid for 55.1 percent of their expenses.
A slightly higher proportion of females (12.3 percent) than
males (10.9 percent) had emergency room expenses.
The proportion of the population with emergency room expenses
was lower for Hispanics (9.7 percent) than for blacks (13.0
percent) or whites/others (11.7 percent). Hispanics had a lower
median expense per person with an expense ($260) than whites/others
($333).
The proportion of people with emergency room expenses was lower
in the West Region (9.7 percent) than in the Northeast (12.2
percent), South (11.9 percent), or Midwest (12.7 percent).
In general, the better people’s
perceived health status was, the less likely they were to
incur emergency room expenses.
For example, 8.9 percent of people with excellent perceived
health, compared to 34.4 percent of people with poor perceived
health, had emergency room expenses.
Insurance and Income
Among the non-elderly, the uninsured were the least likely
to have emergency room expenses: only 7.4 percent of this group
had expenses, compared to 17.7 percent of those with only public
insurance and 10.4 percent of those with any private insurance.
In general, people with lower income were more likely to incur
emergency room expenses. For example, 14.8 percent of poor people,
but only 9.3 percent of people with high incomes, had emergency
room expenses.
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Prescription
Medicines
The expenditure estimates for prescription
medicines shown in Table 7 include expenses for all prescribed
medicines initially purchased or otherwise obtained during 2000,
including any refills.
In 2000, the U.S. community population incurred about $103.0
billion in expenses for prescription medicines. This figure
represents an increase over the $65.3 billion (MEPS Web site)
spent in 1996 ($71.7 billion when inflated to 2000 dollars using
the overall Consumer Price Index). Despite this increase in
total dollars spent, the proportion of the population with prescription
medicine expenses decreased from 64.9 percent in 1996 to 62.3
percent in 2000.
The mean expense per person with an expense was $594 and the
median was $186. Nearly half (46.1 percent) of prescription
medicine expenses were paid out of pocket and about one-third
(33.9 percent) of expenses were paid by private insurance. The
next two largest sources of payment were Medicaid (11.2 percent)
and Medicare (4.6 percent).
Demographic, Geographic, and Health Status Characteristics
The elderly were 1.5 times more likely than younger people
to incur prescription medicine expenses (88.3 percent versus
58.5 percent). The median expense per person with an expense
was $695 for the elderly, but only $136 for the non-elderly.
For elderly people, the largest source of payment was out of
pocket, which accounted for 56.6 percent of their expenses for
prescribed medicines. For the non-elderly, the largest payment
sources were private insurance (42.4 percent) and out of pocket
(41.0 percent).
Females were more likely to incur prescription medicine expenses
than males (69.2 percent compared to 54.9 percent). The median
expense per person with an expense was $219 for females and
$146 for males.
Blacks (50.8 percent) and Hispanics (47.2 percent) were less
likely to incur prescription medicine expenses than whites/others
(66.6 percent). The median prescription medicine expense per
person with an expense was lower for blacks ($125) and Hispanics
($92) than for whites/others ($214).
The median prescription medicine expense per person with an
expense was $174 for people living in an MSA and $239 for people
not living in an MSA. People in the West Region were the least
likely to have prescription medicine expenses: 58.1 percent
versus 62.6 percent in the South, 64.1 percent in the Midwest,
and 64.3 percent in the Northeast. People in the West Region
also had the lowest median prescription medicine expenses: $135
versus $172 in the Northeast, $204 in the Midwest, and $223
in the South.
People with better perceived health status were less likely
than people in poor health to incur prescription medicine expenses
and their total expenses were also lower. For example, 49.0
percent of people with excellent perceived health had prescription
medicine expenses and their median expense per person with an
expense was $80. In contrast, 92.2 percent of people with poor
perceived health had prescription medicine expenses, with a
median expense of $1,230.
Insurance and Income
Among the non-elderly, the percent of people with prescription
medicine expenses was smallest for the uninsured: 37.6 percent,
compared to 62.1 percent for those with public only insurance
and 61.7 percent for those with any private insurance. The median
expense for those with an expense was also lowest for uninsured
people: $89, compared to $119 for those with public only insurance
and $144 for those with any private insurance.
Among the elderly, those with Medicare and other public insurance
had higher median expenses ($934) than those with either Medicare
only ($627) or Medicare and private insurance ($708).
Poor people had a lower likelihood of having prescription medicine
expenses (58.6 percent) than high-income people (64.8 percent),
and the median expense was less among poor people ($139) than
for people with high income ($205). (This positive relationship
did not hold for mean expenses.)
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Dental
Services
The expenditure estimates for dental services
shown in Table 8 include expenses for any type of dental care
provider. In 2000, 40.1 percent of the U.S. community population
incurred a total of about $55.6 billion in expenses for dental
services, an increase over the $43.1 billion (MEPS Web site)
spent in 1996 ($47.4 billion when inflated to 2000 dollars using
the overall Consumer Price Index).
The mean expense per person with an expense increased from
$384 in 1996 ($421 when inflated to 2000 dollars using the overall
Consumer Price Index) to $498 in 2000. The median expense per
person with an expense increased from $137 in 1996 ($150 when
inflated to 2000 dollars using the overall Consumer Price Index)
to $168 in 2000. About half (49.3 percent) of the payments for
dental expenses were out of pocket and another 42.2 percent
of dental expense payments came from private insurance.
Demographic, Geographic, and Health Status Characteristics
The median total expense per person
with a dental expense was $196 for the elderly and $164 for
the non-elderly. For the elderly,
the largest source of payment for dental expenses (76.7 percent)
was out of pocket. For the non-elderly, the
largest source of payment was private insurance (46.3 percent),
followed closely by out-of-pocket payments (45.2 percent).
Females were more likely than males to have dental expenses
(43.2 percent versus 36.9 percent). Whites/others (45.0 percent)
were much more likely than blacks (26.0 percent) or Hispanics
(24.4 percent) to have dental expenses. Blacks ($107) and Hispanics
($128) also had lower median dental expenses than whites/others
($178).
The proportion of people using dental services was greater
in the Northeast (45.7 percent) and Midwest (45.0 percent) than
in the South (35.4 percent) and West (37.8 percent). The median
total dental expense per person with an expense also varied
by region: lower in the South ($154) and Midwest ($149) and
higher in the Northeast ($185) and West ($200). The median total
dental expense was $170 for people living in MSAs and $151 for
people not living in MSAs.
The proportion of people with dental expenses was higher for
people with excellent (42.6 percent) or very good (42.8 percent)
perceived health than those in poor health (26.4 percent). However,
there was no statistically significant difference between the
groups in the median expense for those who had an expense.
Insurance and Income
Among the non-elderly, 17.5 percent of those who were uninsured,
27.9 percent of those with only public insurance, and 46.1 percent
of those who had any private insurance had dental expenses.
The median expense among those who had an expense was $151 for
people who were uninsured. In comparison, the median expense
was $87 for those with public only insurance and $174 for those
with any private insurance. Among the elderly, 32.6 percent
of those with Medicare only, 47.9 percent of those with Medicare
and private insurance, and only 16.4 percent of those with Medicare
and other public insurance had dental expenses.
In general, people with lower income were less likely than
higher income people to incur dental expenses, and their median
expenses were lower. For example, 24.8 percent of poor people
had dental expenses, and the median expense was $105. However,
51.6 percent of people with high income had dental expenses,
and their median expense was $185.
^top
Home
Health Services
The expenditure estimates for home health
services shown in Table 9 include expenses for care provided
by home health agencies and paid independent home health providers.
Even though a relatively small percentage of the community population
had home health expenses (1.8 percent), expenses for home health
ranked second in terms of mean and median expenses per person
with an expense, with a mean expense of $5,136 and a median
of $1,710. Only hospital inpatient services (Table 3) had higher
per-user expenses.
Medicaid paid for the highest proportion of home health service
expenses (48.2 percent), followed by Medicare (25.6 percent)
and out of pocket (12.4 percent). The share of home health expenses
covered by Medicaid tripled from 1996 (16.2 percent) to 2000
(48.2 percent). The share covered by Medicare decreased from
52.6 percent in 1996 (MEPS Web site) to 25.6 percent in 2000,
while the proportion paid out of pocket was similar in 2000
and 1996, about 12 percent.
Demographic, Geographic, and Health Status Characteristics
The elderly were more likely to have home health expenses than
the non-elderly (8.7 percent versus 0.8 percent). A lower proportion
of the elderly had expenses in 2000 (8.7 percent) than in 1996
(13.2 percent). The share of home health expenses among the
elderly paid by Medicare, the primary source of payment for
home health services, decreased significantly, from 58.9 percent
in 1996 to 38.4 percent in 2000. In addition, Medicaid payments
for home health expenses for the elderly rose from 11.2 percent
in 1996 to 28.1 percent in 2000. Another 21.2 percent of home
health expenses for the elderly were paid out of pocket.
Females (2.1 percent) were more likely than males (1.5 percent)
to have home health expenses; however, the median expense per
person did not differ for females and males. Hispanics (1.0
percent) were less likely than whites/others (1.9 percent) to
incur home health expenses; there were no statistically significant
differences between blacks and the whites/others group or blacks
and Hispanics.
There was no statistically significant difference in the proportion
of people with home health expenses in terms of place of residence-either
MSA status or region.
Insurance and Income
Non-elderly people with public only insurance were about seven
times as likely as those with private insurance to incur expenses
for home health services-3.7 percent versus 0.5 percent. Among
elderly people, those with Medicare and other public coverage
were about three times as likely as those with Medicare and
private coverage to have expenses for home health services-22.2
percent versus 6.9 percent.
The proportion with home health expenses was lower among high-income
people (1.0 percent) than among the poor (3.1 percent) or near-poor
(3.7 percent).
^top
Other
Medical Equipment and Services
The expenditure estimates for other medical
equipment and services shown in Table 10 include expenses for
eyeglasses, contact lenses, ambulance services, orthopedic items,
hearing devices, prostheses, bathroom aids, medical equipment,
disposable supplies, alterations/modifications, and other miscellaneous
items or services that were obtained, purchased, or rented during
the year. About two-thirds of the expenses in this category
were for vision-related items. In 2000, about 19 percent of
the community population had expenses for other medical equipment
and services, totaling about $13.4 billion. As with other health
care expenses, the median expense ($180) was less than the mean
expense ($260). Approximately 71 percent of the total expenses
were paid out of pocket, by far the most common source of payment.
Demographic, Geographic, and Health Status Characteristics
Elderly people were more likely than non-elderly people to
have other medical expenses (26.7 percent versus 17.4 percent),
and they had higher median expenses for those with an expense
($200 versus $178). Other medical expenses were more common
for whites/others (20.6 percent) than either blacks (12.9 percent)
or Hispanics (11.8 percent). They were also more common for
people in fair health (24.1 percent) or poor health (31.9 percent)
than for those in good, very good, or excellent health (19.4,
19.0, and 15.1 percent, respectively).
Insurance and Income
Among the non-elderly, the percent with other medical expenses
was higher for people with any private insurance (19.2 percent)
than those with public only (14.7 percent) or the uninsured
(9.8 percent). High-income people were more likely than poor
people to have other medical expenses (22.9 percent versus 14.0
percent), and they paid a higher percentage out of pocket (75.6
percent versus 52.4 percent).
^top
Summary
In 2000, about 84 percent of the approximately
278.4 million people living in the U.S. civilian noninstitutionalized
population at any time during the year had at least one health
care expense. Aggregate health care spending by this population
was approximately $627.9 billion. The mean expense per person
with an expense was $2,700. The median expense was much lower
at $721, a differential primarily caused by the highly skewed
distribution of medical expenses resulting from a small proportion
of the population that accounts for a disproportionate share
of high health care expenses.
Hospital inpatient care accounted for the largest share of
total health care expenses (36.7 percent), and another 20.1
percent of the total was for office-based medical provider services.
The nearly $103 billion spent on prescription medicines was
the third largest share of total expenses (16.4 percent).
Hospital inpatient services ranked first in terms of mean and
median expenses per person with an expense ($10,917 and $5,195,
respectively). Even though home health services accounted for
only 4.1 percent of total expenses, this category of health
care ranked the second highest in terms of mean and median expenses
per person with an expense, with a mean expense of about $5,100
and a median of about $1,700.
The largest source of payment for health care expenses was
third-party payers. Specifically, private health insurance accounted
for 40.5 percent of total payments, followed by two public sources
of payment: Medicare (20.9 percent) and Medicaid (9.8 percent).
Another 19.4 percent of health care expenses were paid out of
pocket by individuals and/or family members.
The proportion of expenses paid by different sources varied
by type of service provided. For example, 49.3 percent of dental
expenses and 46.1 percent of prescription medicine expenses
were paid out of pocket, while private insurance and Medicare
were the largest sources of payment for hospital inpatient services
(40.7 and 35.9 percent, respectively) and hospital outpatient
services (52.9 and 22.2 percent, respectively).
The percent of people with an expense, as well as the mean
and median level of spending, varied by demographic characteristics,
income, health status, and geographic residence. Regardless
of age, the majority of people had at least one health care
expense during 2000. Specifically, 95.5 percent of the population
age 65 and over had medical expenses and 81.8 percent of the
under-65 population had expenses. The mean expense for the elderly
was $6,140, compared to $2,127 for the non-elderly. With respect
to race/ethnicity, the proportion of people with medical expenses
was lower for Hispanics (70.3 percent) and blacks (73.2 percent)
than for whites/others (87.4 percent). Further, among those
with expenses, the median expenses of $386 for Hispanics and
$411 for blacks were lower than the $833 for whites/others.
In the aggregate, people with better perceived health status
were less likely to have health care expenses and they had generally
lower expenses. For example, the median expense for those with
excellent perceived health status was $416, compared to $5,129
for people with poor perceived health status. People with lower
incomes were less likely to incur medical expenses and their
median expenses were also lower than those of high-income people.
For example, 77.3 percent of poor people had medical expenses
(median of $524), while 88.2 percent of high-income people had
expenses (median of $815). Variations in these patterns were
observed across the various service types.
In summary, the health expenditure data from the 2000 MEPS
indicate that the levels of expenses, proportions of people
with expenses, and sources of payment vary by type of service
and by sociodemographic, geographic, health insurance, and health
status characteristics. These estimates, along with estimates
from past and future MEPS surveys, provide researchers and health
policymakers with critical data to study trends in health care
expenses and the distribution of expenses and sources of payment
in the U.S. population.
^top
References
Berk M, Monheit A. The concentration of
health care expenditures revisited. Health Affairs 2001; 20(2):9-18.
Cohen J. Design and methods of the Medical Expenditure Panel
Survey Household Component. Rockville (MD):Agency for Health
Care Policy and Research; 1997. MEPS Methodology Report No.
1. AHCPR Pub. No. 97-0026.
Cohen SB. Sample design of the 1997 Medical Expenditure Panel
Survey Household Component. Rockville (MD):Agency for Healthcare
Research and Quality; 2000. MEPS Methodology Report No. 11.
AHRQ Pub. No. 01-0001.
Cohen SB. Design strategies and innovations in the Medical
Expenditure Panel Survey. Medical Care 2003; 41(7):5-12.
Machlin SR, Taylor AK. Design, methods, and field results of
the 1996 Medical Expenditure Panel Survey Medical Provider Component.
Rockville (MD):Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality; 2000.
MEPS Methodology Report No. 9. AHRQ Pub. No. 00-0028.
Moeller JF, Stagnitti MN, Horan E, et al. Outpatient prescription
drugs: data collection and editing in the 1996 Medical Expenditure
Panel Survey (HC-010A). Rockville (MD):Agency for Healthcare
Research and Quality; 2001. MEPS Methodology Report No. 12.
AHRQ Pub. No. 01-0002.
Selden TM, Levit KR, Cohen JW, et al. Reconciling medical expenditure
estimates from the Medical Expenditure Panel Survey and the
NHA, 1996. Health Care Financing Review 2001 Fall; 23(1):161-78.
Zuvekas SH, Cohen JW. A guide to comparing health care expenditures
in the 1996 MEPS to the 1987 NMES. Inquiry 2002 Spring; 39(1):76-86.
^top
Tables
Table
1. Expenses
by event type: United States, 2000
|
|
Expenses
|
Payments
(in billions)
|
Percent
distribution
|
Event
Type
| All
Expenses |
Ambulatory
Expenses |
All
Expenses |
Ambulatory
Expenses |
Totala |
$627.9 |
NA |
100.0 |
NA |
Hospital
inpatientb |
230.2 |
NA |
36.7 |
NA |
Ambulatoryc |
200.1 |
NA |
31.9 |
100.0 |
Office-based
visits |
NA |
$125.9 |
NA |
62.9 |
Hospital
outpatient visits |
NA |
54.9 |
NA |
27.4 |
Emergency
room visits |
NA |
19.2 |
NA |
9.6 |
Prescription
medicinesd |
103.0 |
NA |
16.4 |
NA |
Dentale |
55.6 |
NA |
8.8 |
NA |
Home
healthf |
25.6 |
NA |
4.1 |
NA |
Other
medicalg |
13.4 |
NA |
2.1 |
NA |
aTotal
includes inpatient hospital and physician services,
ambulatory physician and nonphysician services, prescribed
medicines, home health services, dental services, and
various other medical equipment, supplies, and services
that were purchased or rented during the year. Over-the-counter
medications, alternative care services, and telephone
contacts are excluded.
bHospital admissions that did not involve an overnight stay
are included. Expenses include room and board and all hospital diagnostic
and laboratory expenses associated with the basic facility charge, payments
for separately billed physician inpatient services, and emergency room
expenses incurred immediately prior to inpatient stays. Events for newborns
who left the hospital on the same day as the mother are treated as separate
events, but associated expenses are included in expense estimates.
cEvents and expenses for both physician and nonphysician
medical providers seen in office-based settings or clinics,
hospital outpatient departments, emergency rooms (except
visits resulting in an overnight hospital stay), and clinics
owned and operated by hospitals are included.
dAll prescribed medicines initially purchased
or otherwise obtained during 2000, as well as refills and
free samples, are included.
eServices provided by general dentists, dental
hygienists, dental technicians, dental surgeons, orthodontists,
endodontists, and periodontists are included.
fExpenses for care provided by home health agencies
and independent home health providers are included. Most
home health expenses (87.5 percent) were for agency providers.
gExpenses for eyeglasses, ambulance services,
orthopedic items, hearing devices, prostheses, bathroom aids,
medical equipment, disposable supplies, alterations/modifications,
and other miscellaneous items or services that were obtained,
purchased, or rented during the year are included.
NA—Not applicable.
Note: These estimates are for a target population of approximately 278.4
million persons who were in the civilian noninstitutionalized population
for all or part of 2000. Percents may not add to 100 because of rounding.
Source: Center for Financing, Access, and Cost Trends, Agency for Healthcare
Research and Quality: Medical Expenditure Panel Survey, 2000. |
Table
2. Total health servicesa - Median
and mean expenses per person with expenses and distribution
of expenses source of payment: United States, 2000 |
|
|
|
Expense
per person with an expense
|
|
Percent
distribution of total
expenses by source of payment
|
Population
characteristic |
Population
(in thousands) |
Percent
with expense |
Median |
Mean |
Total
expenses (in millions) |
Out of pocket |
Private insuranceb |
Medicare |
Medicaid |
Otherc |
Total |
278,406 |
83.5 |
$721 |
$2,700 |
$627,897 |
19.4 |
40.5 |
20.9 |
9.8 |
9.5 |
|
Age
in years |
Under
65 |
243,624 |
81.8 |
586 |
2,127 |
423,933 |
20.3 |
52.8 |
4.6 |
12.3 |
10 |
Under
6 |
24,126 |
86.7 |
267 |
1,124 |
23,497 |
10.3 |
51.3 |
*0.3 |
31.6 |
6.5 |
6-17 |
48,405 |
80 |
335 |
1,117 |
43,241 |
27.7 |
49.1 |
*0.1 |
16.4 |
6.7 |
18-44 |
109,021 |
77.7 |
575 |
1,905 |
161,419 |
19.9 |
51.6 |
*3.9 |
14.2 |
10.4 |
45-64 |
62,072 |
88.5 |
1,287 |
3,562 |
195,776 |
20.2 |
54.7 |
6.7 |
7.5 |
10.9 |
65
and over |
34,782 |
95.5 |
2,278 |
6,140 |
203,964 |
17.5 |
15 |
54.7 |
4.5 |
8.3 |
Sex |
Male |
135,882 |
78.4 |
580 |
2,633 |
280,592 |
16.8 |
40.7 |
21.4 |
8.5 |
12.6 |
Female |
142,524 |
88.4 |
871 |
2,757 |
347,305 |
21.5 |
40.4 |
20.5 |
10.8 |
6.9 |
Race/ethnicity |
White
and other |
209,401 |
87.4 |
833 |
2,832 |
518,202 |
20.3 |
41.7 |
21.1 |
7.8 |
9 |
Black |
35,049 |
73.2 |
411 |
2,647 |
67,926 |
12.2 |
33.3 |
22.1 |
18.9 |
13.5 |
Hispanic |
33,955 |
70.3 |
386 |
1,749 |
41,770 |
18.9 |
37.4 |
16.1 |
19.3 |
8.3 |
Health
insurance statusd |
Under
age 65: |
Any
private |
182,658 |
85.9 |
638 |
2,042 |
320,512 |
21 |
69.8 |
1.5 |
1.7 |
6 |
Public
only |
28,622 |
83.3 |
465 |
3,170 |
75,629 |
9.7 |
*0.0 |
19.7 |
61.8 |
8.7 |
Uninsured |
32,344 |
57.3 |
305 |
1,500 |
27,793 |
40.4 |
*0.0 |
*0.0 |
*0.0 |
59.6 |
Age
65 and over: |
Medicare
only |
11,515 |
94.7 |
2,033 |
5,206 |
56,798 |
22.2 |
*0.0 |
62.5 |
*0.0 |
15.3 |
Medicare
and private |
19,570 |
95.9 |
2,362 |
6,276 |
117,811 |
17 |
25.9 |
51.7 |
*0.5 |
4.8 |
Medicare
and other public |
3,568 |
96.4 |
3,094 |
8,324 |
28,624 |
10.4 |
*0.0 |
53.1 |
29.8 |
6.7 |
Poverty
statuse |
Poor |
32,053 |
77.3 |
524 |
3,173 |
78,641 |
13.9 |
13.2 |
26 |
34.3 |
12.6 |
Near-poor |
12,196 |
78.1 |
729 |
2,967 |
28,263 |
17.3 |
11.3 |
35.2 |
27.2 |
9 |
Low
income |
37,059 |
79.1 |
690 |
3,134 |
91,838 |
17.7 |
25.4 |
32.1 |
14.7 |
10.1 |
Middle
income |
90,343 |
82.7 |
664 |
2,555 |
190,908 |
19 |
44.5 |
20.5 |
4.4 |
11.6 |
High
income |
106,754 |
88.2 |
815 |
2,529 |
238,247 |
22.3 |
55.6 |
13.5 |
*2.1 |
6.5 |
Metropolitan
statistical area (MSA) |
MSA |
226,861 |
83.3 |
$702 |
$2,641 |
$498,915 |
19.2 |
40.6 |
20.4 |
9.8 |
9.9 |
Non-MSA |
51,545 |
84.6 |
816 |
2,958 |
128,982 |
19.9 |
40 |
22.9 |
9.5 |
7.8 |
Census
region |
Northeast |
52,636 |
86.5 |
802 |
2,716 |
123,622 |
19 |
40.9 |
22.1 |
10.7 |
7.2 |
Midwest |
64,536 |
86.2 |
737 |
2,900 |
161,354 |
18.5 |
39.3 |
22.2 |
8.6 |
11.4 |
South |
97,373 |
81.6 |
727 |
2,747 |
218,206 |
20.3 |
39.7 |
21.2 |
9 |
9.7 |
West |
63,861 |
81.3 |
646 |
2,402 |
124,715 |
19.2 |
43 |
17.4 |
11.8 |
8.7 |
Perceived
health status |
Excellent |
87,890 |
79.3 |
416 |
1,281 |
89,341 |
26.3 |
52.9 |
7.5 |
6.7 |
6.6 |
Very
good |
93,499 |
83.6 |
650 |
1,901 |
148,573 |
24.4 |
48.5 |
12.2 |
6.2 |
8.7 |
Good |
67,922 |
84.5 |
994 |
2,856 |
163,835 |
19.7 |
44.7 |
16.9 |
9.4 |
9.4 |
Fair |
20,666 |
93.3 |
2,432 |
6,689 |
128,956 |
14.8 |
29.5 |
33.6 |
14 |
8.1 |
Poor |
7,720 |
97 |
5,129 |
12,051 |
90,204 |
11.5 |
23.3 |
36.4 |
13.8 |
*14.9 |
aInpatient
hospital and physician services, ambulatory physician
and nonphysician services, prescribed medicines,
home health services, dental services, and various
other medical equipment and services that were purchased
or rented during the year are included. Over-the-counter
medications, alternative care services, and telephone
contacts are excluded.
bPrivate
insurance includes TRICARE (Armed-Forces-related
coverage).
cOther
includes payments from the Department of Veterans
Affairs (except TRICARE); other Federal sources
(Indian Health Service, military treatment facilities,
and other care provided by the Federal Government);
various State and local sources (community and neighborhood
clinics, State and local health departments, and
State programs other than Medicaid); Workers’ Compensation;
various unclassified sources (e.g., automobile,
homeowner’s, or other liability insurance, and other
miscellaneous or unknown sources); Medicaid payments
reported for persons who were not reported as enrolled
in the Medicaid program at any time during the year;
and private insurance payments reported for persons
without any reported private health insurance coverage
during the year.
dUninsured
refers to persons uninsured during the entire year.
Public and private health insurance categories refer
to individuals with public or private insurance
at any time during the period; individuals with
both public and private insurance and those with
TRICARE (Armed-Forces-related coverage) are classified
as having private insurance.
ePoor—persons
in families with income less than 100 percent of
the poverty line, including those whose losses exceeded
their earnings, resulting in negative income; near-poor—persons
in families with income from 100 percent to less
than 125 percent of the poverty line; low income—persons
in families with income from 125 percent to less
than 200 percent of the poverty line; middle income—persons
in families with income from 200 percent to less
than 400 percent of the poverty line; high income—persons
in families with income at or over 400 percent of
the poverty line.
*Relative
standard error equal to or greater than 30 percent.
Note:
Restricted to civilian noninstitutionalized population.
Percents may not add to 100 because of rounding.
Source:
Center for Financing, Access, and Cost Trends, Agency
for Healthcare Research and Quality: Medical Expenditure
Panel Survey, 2000. |
Table
3. Hospital inpatient servicesa―Median
and mean expenses per person with expensed and distribution
of expensed by source of payment: United States, 2000 |
|
|
|
Expense
per person with an expense
|
|
Percent
distribution of total expenses
by source of payment
|
Population
characteristic |
Population
(in thousands) |
Percent with expense |
Median |
Mean |
Total
expenses (in millions) |
Out of pocket |
Private insuranceb |
Medicare |
Medicaid |
Otherc |
Total |
278,406 |
7.6 |
$5,195 |
$10,917 |
$230,229 |
2.2 |
40.7 |
35.9 |
9.8 |
11.4 |
|
Age in years |
Under
65 |
243,624 |
5.9 |
4,372 |
9,437 |
136,609 |
2.9 |
59.4 |
8.6 |
15.7 |
13.4 |
Under
6 |
24,126 |
5.2 |
3,367 |
7,517 |
9,494 |
*3.7 |
62.9 |
*0.1 |
*26.0 |
*7.3 |
6-17 |
48,405 |
2 |
— |
— |
— |
— |
— |
— |
— |
— |
18-44 |
109,021 |
6.8 |
4,128 |
7,080 |
52,452 |
4 |
55 |
*7.6 |
20.4 |
13 |
45-64 |
62,072 |
7.8 |
6,491 |
14,175 |
68,577 |
1.8 |
62.6 |
11.2 |
9 |
*15.4 |
65
and over |
34,782 |
19 |
9,160 |
14,157 |
93,620 |
1.2 |
13.3 |
75.7 |
1.3 |
8.5 |
Sex |
Male |
135,882 |
5.9 |
6,695 |
14,676 |
116,831 |
1.9 |
40.9 |
33.8 |
9.3 |
14.1 |
Female |
142,524 |
9.2 |
4,556 |
8,638 |
113,398 |
2.5 |
40.5 |
38 |
10.4 |
8.6 |
Race/ethnicity |
White
and other |
209,401 |
7.9 |
5,249 |
10,928 |
181,305 |
2.1 |
41.3 |
37.7 |
7.9 |
11 |
Black |
35,049 |
7.7 |
5,339 |
12,386 |
33,238 |
*1.7 |
36.4 |
29.8 |
16.4 |
15.7 |
Hispanic |
33,955 |
5.3 |
4,320 |
8,644 |
15,686 |
4.5 |
42.6 |
27.4 |
18.4 |
7.1 |
Health insurance statusd |
Under age 65: |
|
Any
private |
182,658 |
5.4 |
4,925 |
9,675 |
94,781 |
2.7 |
85.7 |
2.9 |
*2.6 |
*6.1 |
Public
only |
28,622 |
12.4 |
3,761 |
8,729 |
31,068 |
*1.6 |
*0.0 |
28.8 |
61.1 |
8.4 |
Uninsured |
32,344 |
3.5 |
3,426 |
*9,603 |
*10,760 |
*8.0 |
*0.0 |
*0.0 |
*0.0 |
92 |
Age 65 and over: |
Medicare
only |
11,515 |
17.4 |
7,263 |
12,962 |
25,926 |
*1.8 |
*0.0 |
85.2 |
*0.0 |
13 |
Medicare
and private |
19,570 |
18.8 |
10,370 |
15,018 |
55,122 |
1.1 |
22.7 |
70.7 |
*0.0 |
*5.5 |
Medicare
and other public |
3,568 |
25.9 |
— |
— |
— |
— |
— |
— |
— |
— |
Poverty statuse |
Poor |
32,053 |
11.3 |
4,377 |
10,956 |
39,565 |
2.4 |
*12.9 |
34.8 |
34.5 |
15.4 |
Near-poor |
12,196 |
9.8 |
4,370 |
8,631 |
10,311 |
*1.9 |
9.2 |
54.7 |
*23.1 |
*11.1 |
Low
income |
37,059 |
10.1 |
4,590 |
9,820 |
36,720 |
2.7 |
28.2 |
50.1 |
9.3 |
*9.7 |
Middle
income |
90,343 |
7.2 |
5,630 |
10,821 |
70,036 |
2.2 |
48.4 |
34.4 |
3.4 |
11.6 |
High
income |
106,754 |
5.7 |
6,477 |
12,120 |
73,597 |
1.9 |
58.9 |
28.1 |
*1.2 |
*10.0 |
Metropolitan
statistical area (MSA) |
MSA |
226,861 |
7.2 |
$5,349 |
$11,234 |
$184,037 |
2.2 |
39.7 |
35.4 |
10.5 |
12.3 |
Non-MSA |
51,545 |
9.1 |
4,678 |
9,814 |
46,192 |
2.4 |
44.5 |
37.6 |
7.4 |
8 |
Census region |
Northeast |
52,636 |
7.3 |
5,430 |
11,147 |
42,993 |
2.4 |
39.9 |
38.8 |
12.5 |
*6.4 |
Midwest |
64,536 |
8.1 |
5,548 |
11,757 |
61,606 |
1.3 |
35.3 |
37.3 |
*11.0 |
*15.1 |
South |
97,373 |
8.3 |
5,039 |
11,000 |
88,487 |
2.5 |
41.1 |
36.2 |
8 |
12.2 |
West |
63,861 |
6.2 |
4,680 |
9,407 |
37,143 |
2.6 |
49.7 |
29.1 |
9.4 |
9.3 |
Perceived health status |
Excellent |
87,890 |
3.7 |
4,185 |
6,667 |
21,726 |
6.4 |
59.3 |
17.3 |
9.8 |
*7.3 |
Very
good |
93,499 |
5.3 |
4,680 |
7,818 |
38,559 |
3.3 |
55 |
26.2 |
8.8 |
*6.7 |
Good |
67,922 |
8.2 |
4,561 |
9,554 |
53,393 |
1.8 |
51.3 |
25.9 |
9.2 |
11.8 |
Fair |
20,666 |
20.2 |
6,158 |
14,239 |
59,554 |
1.3 |
30.2 |
51.1 |
*9.4 |
*8.1 |
Poor |
7,720 |
36.4 |
8,876 |
18,067 |
50,724 |
1.1 |
23.7 |
43.5 |
12.4 |
*19.4 |
aInpatient
hospital and physician services, ambulatory physician
and nonphysician services, prescribed medicines, home
health services, dental services, and various other
medical equipment and services that were purchased
or rented during the year are included. Over-the-counter
medications, alternative care services, and telephone
contacts are excluded.
bPrivate
insurance includes TRICARE (Armed-Forces-related coverage).
cOther
includes payments from the Department of Veterans
Affairs (except TRICARE); other Federal sources (Indian
Health Service, military treatment facilities, and
other care provided by the Federal Government); various
State and local sources (community and neighborhood
clinics, State and local health departments, and State
programs other than Medicaid); Workers’ Compensation;
various unclassified sources (e.g., automobile, homeowner’s,
or other liability insurance, and other miscellaneous
or unknown sources); Medicaid payments reported for
persons who were not reported as enrolled in the Medicaid
program at any time during the year; and private insurance
payments reported for persons without any reported
private health insurance coverage during the year.
dUninsured
refers to persons uninsured during the entire year.
Public and private health insurance categories refer
to individuals with public or private insurance at
any time during the period; individuals with both
public and private insurance and those with TRICARE
(Armed-Forces-related coverage) are classified as
having private insurance.
ePoor—persons
in families with income less than 100 percent of the
poverty line, including those whose losses exceeded
their earnings, resulting in negative income; near-poor—persons
in families with income from 100 percent to less than
125 percent of the poverty line; low income—persons
in families with income from 125 percent to less than
200 percent of the poverty line; middle income—persons
in families with income from 200 percent to less than
400 percent of the poverty line; high income—persons
in families with income at or over 400 percent of
the poverty line.
*Relative
standard error equal to or greater than 30 percent.
Note:
Restricted to civilian noninstitutionalized population.
Percents may not add to 100 because of rounding.
Source:
Center for Financing, Access, and Cost Trends, Agency
for Healthcare Research and Quality: Medical Expenditure
Panel Survey, 2000. |
Table
4. Office-based medical provider servicesa―Median
and mean expenses per person with expense and
distribution of expenses by source of payment:
United States, 2000
|
|
|
|
Expense
per person with an expense
|
|
Percent
distribution of total expenses
by source of payment
|
Population
characteristic |
Population
(in thousands) |
Percent with expense |
Median |
Mean |
Total
expenses
(in
millions) |
Out of pocket |
Private insuranceb |
Medicare |
Medicaid |
Otherc |
Total |
278,406 |
68.8 |
$243 |
$657 |
$125,946 |
17.8 |
48.5 |
16.8 |
5.8 |
11.1 |
|
Age in years |
Under
65 |
243,624 |
66.1 |
212 |
592 |
95,400 |
19.9 |
58.1 |
3.2 |
6.6 |
12.2 |
Under
6 |
24,126 |
78.5 |
160 |
299 |
5,654 |
17.2 |
59.5 |
*0.3 |
15.7 |
7.3 |
6-17 |
48,405 |
60.9 |
127 |
269 |
7,930 |
23.8 |
57.4 |
*0.1 |
12.9 |
5.8 |
18-44 |
109,021 |
60.6 |
222 |
600 |
39,611 |
20.9 |
56.9 |
1.9 |
6.9 |
13.4 |
45-64 |
62,072 |
75.2 |
335 |
904 |
42,206 |
18.5 |
59.2 |
5.5 |
3.9 |
12.9 |
65
and over |
34,782 |
87.6 |
490 |
1,003 |
30,546 |
11.4 |
18.6 |
59 |
3.3 |
7.7 |
Sex |
Male |
135,882 |
61.9 |
207 |
614 |
51,693 |
*16.1 |
47.7 |
16.9 |
4.8 |
14.4 |
Female |
142,524 |
75.4 |
278 |
691 |
74,253 |
19 |
49.1 |
16.6 |
6.5 |
8.8 |
Race/ethnicity |
White
and other |
209,401 |
73.2 |
268 |
703 |
107,778 |
18.2 |
49.4 |
17.1 |
4.6 |
10.7 |
Black |
35,049 |
56 |
150 |
511 |
10,026 |
12 |
39.7 |
18.6 |
13.5 |
16.2 |
Hispanic |
33,955 |
55 |
165 |
436 |
8,142 |
19.4 |
47.2 |
9.9 |
12.4 |
11.1 |
Health insurance statusd |
Under age 65: |
Any
private |
182,658 |
70.7 |
226 |
620 |
80,104 |
20.3 |
69.2 |
1.2 |
0.7 |
8.6 |
Public
only |
28,622 |
68 |
163 |
526 |
10,238 |
5.2 |
*0.0 |
21.1 |
55.7 |
*18.0 |
Uninsured |
32,344 |
38.8 |
137 |
404 |
5,058 |
42.9 |
*0.0 |
*0.0 |
*0.0 |
57.1 |
Age 65 and over: |
Medicare
only |
11,515 |
85.6 |
393 |
783 |
7,720 |
11.3 |
*0.0 |
71.7 |
*0.0 |
17 |
Medicare
and private |
19,570 |
89 |
548 |
1,099 |
19,144 |
12.1 |
29.6 |
53.5 |
*0.2 |
4.5 |
Medicare
and other public |
3,568 |
87.8 |
442 |
1,174 |
3,676 |
8.2 |
*0.0 |
60.4 |
26.4 |
*5.0 |
Poverty statuse |
Poor |
32,053 |
61.2 |
182 |
555 |
10,893 |
10.5 |
18.9 |
22.8 |
33.9 |
13.9 |
Near-poor |
12,196 |
62.4 |
207 |
549 |
4,174 |
13.1 |
21.5 |
33.1 |
20.5 |
11.9 |
Low
income |
37,059 |
64.3 |
225 |
641 |
15,258 |
15.9 |
30.1 |
32.4 |
9.8 |
11.9 |
Middle
income |
90,343 |
68.2 |
238 |
630 |
38,854 |
15.5 |
49.3 |
17 |
2.2 |
15.9 |
High
income |
106,754 |
73.9 |
270 |
719 |
56,767 |
21.7 |
60.6 |
10 |
0.7 |
7 |
Metropolitan statistical area (MSA) |
MSA |
226,861 |
68.4 |
$242 |
$650 |
$100,923 |
18.2 |
48.8 |
16.1 |
5.6 |
11.3 |
Non-MSA |
51,545 |
70.5 |
246 |
688 |
25,023 |
16.3 |
47.3 |
19.3 |
6.7 |
10.5 |
Census region |
Northeast |
52,636 |
73.2 |
253 |
647 |
24,946 |
17.1 |
50.7 |
16.3 |
7 |
8.9 |
Midwest |
64,536 |
71.8 |
240 |
651 |
30,162 |
18.6 |
46.3 |
18.7 |
4.8 |
11.7 |
South |
97,373 |
66.8 |
237 |
610 |
39,710 |
20.2 |
46.2 |
17.1 |
5.3 |
11.3 |
West |
63,861 |
65.2 |
246 |
747 |
31,128 |
14.6 |
51.9 |
14.8 |
6.4 |
12.2 |
Perceived health status |
Excellent |
87,890 |
61.1 |
174 |
438 |
23,514 |
24 |
56.4 |
6.8 |
4.1 |
8.7 |
Very
good |
93,499 |
68.8 |
225 |
574 |
36,923 |
20.3 |
52.6 |
10.8 |
3.6 |
12.6 |
Good |
67,922 |
72.4 |
277 |
722 |
35,496 |
16.5 |
50.7 |
17 |
6 |
9.8 |
Fair |
20,666 |
84.8 |
500 |
1,115 |
19,540 |
11.8 |
37.9 |
27.4 |
10 |
13 |
Poor |
7,720 |
87.1 |
676 |
1,521 |
10,224 |
10.9 |
27.4 |
40.1 |
8.8 |
12.7 |
aInpatient
hospital and physician services, ambulatory physician
and nonphysician services, prescribed medicines, home
health services, dental services, and various other
medical equipment and services that were purchased
or rented during the year are included. Over-the-counter
medications, alternative care services, and telephone
contacts are excluded.
bPrivate
insurance includes TRICARE (Armed-Forces-related coverage).
cOther
includes payments from the Department of Veterans
Affairs (except TRICARE); other Federal sources (Indian
Health Service, military treatment facilities, and
other care provided by the Federal Government); various
State and local sources (community and neighborhood
clinics, State and local health departments, and State
programs other than Medicaid); Workers’ Compensation;
various unclassified sources (e.g., automobile, homeowner’s,
or other liability insurance, and other miscellaneous
or unknown sources); Medicaid payments reported for
persons who were not reported as enrolled in the Medicaid
program at any time during the year; and private insurance
payments reported for persons without any reported
private health insurance coverage during the year.
dUninsured
refers to persons uninsured during the entire year.
Public and private health insurance categories refer
to individuals with public or private insurance at
any time during the period; individuals with both
public and private insurance and those with TRICARE
(Armed-Forces-related coverage) are classified as
having private insurance.
ePoor—persons
in families with income less than 100 percent of the
poverty line, including those whose losses exceeded
their earnings, resulting in negative income; near-poor—persons
in families with income from 100 percent to less than
125 percent of the poverty line; low income—persons
in families with income from 125 percent to less than
200 percent of the poverty line; middle income—persons
in families with income from 200 percent to less than
400 percent of the poverty line; high income—persons
in families with income at or over 400 percent of
the poverty line.
*Relative
standard error equal to or greater than 30 percent.
Note:
Restricted to civilian noninstitutionalized population.
Percents may not add to 100 because of rounding.
Source:
Center for Financing, Access, and Cost Trends, Agency
for Healthcare Research and Quality: Medical Expenditure
Panel Survey, 2000. |
Table
5. Hospital outpatient servicesa—Median
and mean expenses per person with expense and distribution
of expenses by source of payment: United States,
2000
|
|
|
|
Expense
per person
with an expense
|
|
Percent
distribution of total expenses
by source of payment
|
Population
characteristic |
Population
(in
thousands) |
Percent with expense |
Median |
Mean |
Total
expenses (in millions) |
Out of pocket |
Private insuranceb |
Medicare |
Medicaid |
Otherc |
Total |
278,406 |
13.1 |
$555 |
$1,501 |
$54,880 |
7.5 |
52.9 |
22.2 |
5 |
12.4 |
|
Age in years |
Under
65 |
243,624 |
11 |
528 |
1,376 |
36,767 |
8.6 |
68 |
*5.3 |
6.3 |
11.8 |
Under
6 |
24,126 |
6.3 |
325 |
962 |
1,465 |
4.8 |
71.1 |
*1.6 |
*17.2 |
*5.3 |
6-17 |
48,405 |
5.3 |
353 |
1,175 |
3,012 |
6.8 |
64.8 |
*0.2 |
*17.5 |
10.8 |
18-44 |
109,021 |
9.7 |
535 |
1,364 |
14,431 |
10.3 |
65.2 |
*3.7 |
5.1 |
15.6 |
45-64 |
62,072 |
19.4 |
605 |
1,480 |
17,860 |
7.8 |
70.5 |
7.7 |
4.6 |
9.5 |
65
and over |
34,782 |
28.3 |
615 |
1,841 |
18,113 |
5.4 |
22.2 |
56.5 |
*2.4 |
*13.5 |
Sex |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Male |
135,882 |
10.2 |
683 |
1,781 |
24,716 |
8 |
51.4 |
21.3 |
4.5 |
14.8 |
Female |
142,524 |
15.9 |
462 |
1,329 |
30,163 |
7.2 |
54.1 |
22.9 |
5.4 |
10.4 |
Race/ethnicity |
White
and other |
209,401 |
14.8 |
577 |
1,506 |
46,613 |
7.5 |
55 |
23.1 |
2.7 |
11.7 |
Black |
35,049 |
8.9 |
383 |
1,468 |
4,558 |
*10.7 |
41.3 |
17.4 |
15.7 |
14.9 |
Hispanic |
33,955 |
7.4 |
527 |
1,482 |
3,709 |
4.3 |
40.5 |
*16.8 |
21.1 |
17.3 |
Health insurance statusd |
Under age 65: |
Any
private |
182,658 |
12 |
570 |
1,391 |
30,505 |
8.6 |
81.9 |
1.2 |
1 |
7.4 |
Public
only |
28,622 |
11.1 |
337 |
1,364 |
4,330 |
*3.1 |
*0.0 |
36.7 |
46.9 |
13.3 |
Uninsured |
32,344 |
5 |
*380 |
1,190 |
1,932 |
21.1 |
*0.0 |
*0.0 |
*0.0 |
78.9 |
Age 65 and over: |
Medicare
only |
11,515 |
22.5 |
549 |
2,012 |
5,215 |
*2.9 |
*0.0 |
62.7 |
*0.0 |
*34.4 |
Medicare
and private |
19,570 |
32.5 |
704 |
1,824 |
11,613 |
5.3 |
34.7 |
54.8 |
*0.6 |
*4.7 |
Medicare
and other public |
3,568 |
24.5 |
— |
— |
— |
— |
— |
— |
— |
— |
Poverty statuse |
Poor |
32,053 |
10 |
377 |
1,215 |
3,882 |
7.4 |
20.8 |
26.2 |
29.9 |
15.8 |
Near-poor |
12,196 |
13.3 |
*295 |
*1,441 |
*2,334 |
*3.7 |
*9.8 |
58.5 |
*15.3 |
*12.6 |
Low
income |
37,059 |
12.7 |
585 |
1,654 |
7,785 |
7.6 |
37.5 |
30.3 |
8.6 |
16.1 |
Middle
income |
90,343 |
12.8 |
590 |
1,601 |
18,538 |
6.3 |
51.6 |
21.4 |
2.2 |
18.5 |
High
income |
106,754 |
14.5 |
581 |
1,444 |
22,340 |
9 |
69.3 |
15.5 |
*0.8 |
5.4 |
Metropolitan statistical area (MSA) |
MSA |
226,861 |
12.6 |
$563 |
$1,457 |
$41,592 |
7.6 |
53.4 |
20.8 |
4.8 |
13.4 |
Non-MSA |
51,545 |
15.6 |
532 |
1,656 |
13,288 |
7.4 |
51.2 |
26.5 |
5.8 |
9.1 |
Census region |
Northeast |
52,636 |
16.4 |
528 |
1,325 |
11,415 |
3.7 |
55.1 |
29.1 |
4.4 |
*7.7 |
Midwest |
64,536 |
16 |
482 |
1,594 |
16,504 |
8.1 |
51.5 |
22.6 |
2.5 |
*15.3 |
South |
97,373 |
11.5 |
658 |
1,495 |
16,743 |
7.8 |
54.7 |
18.2 |
6 |
13.2 |
West |
63,861 |
10 |
547 |
1,596 |
10,217 |
10.4 |
49.5 |
20.3 |
8.2 |
11.6 |
Perceived health status |
Excellent |
87,890 |
7.4 |
362 |
1,031 |
6,721 |
7 |
68.7 |
10.4 |
2.9 |
10.9 |
Very
good |
93,499 |
12.1 |
480 |
1,291 |
14,652 |
10.6 |
59.3 |
13.8 |
4.7 |
11.6 |
Good |
67,922 |
16.1 |
600 |
1,500 |
16,430 |
5.3 |
52.4 |
21.3 |
5.5 |
*15.5 |
Fair |
20,666 |
25.8 |
709 |
1,879 |
10,001 |
5.2 |
43.4 |
32.4 |
7.1 |
11.8 |
Poor |
7,720 |
30.8 |
1,098 |
2,933 |
6,981 |
*9.9 |
38.8 |
38.8 |
3.6 |
9 |
aInpatient
hospital and physician services, ambulatory physician
and nonphysician services, prescribed medicines,
home health services, dental services, and various
other medical equipment and services that were purchased
or rented during the year are included. Over-the-counter
medications, alternative care services, and telephone
contacts are excluded.
bPrivate
insurance includes TRICARE (Armed-Forces-related
coverage).
cOther
includes payments from the Department of Veterans
Affairs (except TRICARE); other Federal sources
(Indian Health Service, military treatment facilities,
and other care provided by the Federal Government);
various State and local sources (community and neighborhood
clinics, State and local health departments, and
State programs other than Medicaid); Workers’ Compensation;
various unclassified sources (e.g., automobile,
homeowner’s, or other liability insurance, and other
miscellaneous or unknown sources); Medicaid payments
reported for persons who were not reported as enrolled
in the Medicaid program at any time during the year;
and private insurance payments reported for persons
without any reported private health insurance coverage
during the year.
dUninsured
refers to persons uninsured during the entire year.
Public and private health insurance categories refer
to individuals with public or private insurance
at any time during the period; individuals with
both public and private insurance and those with
TRICARE (Armed-Forces-related coverage) are classified
as having private insurance.
ePoor—persons
in families with income less than 100 percent of
the poverty line, including those whose losses exceeded
their earnings, resulting in negative income; near-poor—persons
in families with income from 100 percent to less
than 125 percent of the poverty line; low income—persons
in families with income from 125 percent to less
than 200 percent of the poverty line; middle income—persons
in families with income from 200 percent to less
than 400 percent of the poverty line; high income—persons
in families with income at or over 400 percent of
the poverty line.
*Relative
standard error equal to or greater than 30 percent.
Note:
Restricted to civilian noninstitutionalized population.
Percents may not add to 100 because of rounding.
Source:
Center for Financing, Access, and Cost Trends, Agency
for Healthcare Research and Quality: Medical Expenditure
Panel Survey, 2000. |
Table
6. Emergency room servicesa―Median
and mean expenses per person with expenses and distribution
of expenses by source of payment: United States,
2000
|
|
|
|
Expense
per person
with an expense
|
|
Percent
distribution of total expenses
by source of payment
|
Population
characteristic |
Population
(in
thousands) |
Percent with expense |
Median |
Mean |
Total
expenses (in millions) |
Out of pocket |
Private insuranceb |
Medicare |
Medicaid |
Otherc |
Total |
278,406 |
11.6 |
$315 |
$594 |
$19,248 |
12.2 |
46.1 |
17.9 |
8.4 |
15.3 |
|
Age
in years |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Under
65 |
243,624 |
10.9 |
312 |
557 |
14,781 |
14.6 |
55.1 |
3 |
10.4 |
16.9 |
Under
6 |
24,126 |
13.3 |
245 |
454 |
1,461 |
12 |
57.2 |
*0.4 |
22.9 |
*7.5 |
6-17 |
48,405 |
9.8 |
253 |
425 |
2,019 |
9.2 |
53.2 |
*0.4 |
15.1 |
*22.1 |
18-44 |
109,021 |
10.9 |
348 |
582 |
6,894 |
17.5 |
53.6 |
*1.2 |
10.4 |
17.3 |
45-64 |
62,072 |
10.8 |
383 |
654 |
4,407 |
13.3 |
57.7 |
7.8 |
4 |
17.2 |
65
and over |
34,782 |
16.8 |
341 |
764 |
4,467 |
4.6 |
16.4 |
67.3 |
2.1 |
*9.7 |
Sex |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Male |
135,882 |
10.9 |
306 |
618 |
9,193 |
12.1 |
43.1 |
15.3 |
7 |
22.5 |
Female |
142,524 |
12.3 |
328 |
574 |
10,056 |
12.4 |
48.9 |
20.3 |
9.8 |
8.6 |
Race/ethnicity |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
White
and other |
209,401 |
11.7 |
333 |
602 |
14,777 |
12 |
48.5 |
18.8 |
6.5 |
14.1 |
Black |
35,049 |
13 |
296 |
575 |
2,608 |
9.4 |
37.4 |
16.5 |
13 |
23.7 |
Hispanic |
33,955 |
9.7 |
260 |
566 |
1,863 |
18 |
39.6 |
*12.7 |
17.3 |
12.3 |
Health
insurance statusd |
Under
age 65: |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Any
private |
182,658 |
10.4 |
336 |
574 |
10,956 |
11.7 |
74.4 |
0.9 |
*2.4 |
10.7 |
Public
only |
28,622 |
17.7 |
218 |
432 |
2,185 |
5.5 |
*0.0 |
16 |
58 |
20.5 |
Uninsured |
32,344 |
7.4 |
349 |
681 |
1,640 |
45.8 |
*0.0 |
*0.0 |
*0.0 |
54.2 |
Age
65 and over: |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Medicare
only |
11,515 |
15.2 |
349 |
815 |
1,423 |
5.6 |
*0.0 |
75.2 |
*0.0 |
*19.2 |
Medicare
and private |
19,570 |
16.2 |
328 |
733 |
2,329 |
5 |
31.4 |
60 |
*0.5 |
*3.1 |
Medicare
and other public |
3,568 |
25.6 |
— |
— |
— |
— |
— |
— |
— |
— |
Poverty
statuse |
Poor |
32,053 |
14.8 |
245 |
566 |
2,686 |
9.7 |
*15.0 |
21.2 |
32 |
22.1 |
Near-poor |
12,196 |
14.4 |
320 |
568 |
999 |
*8.3 |
24.8 |
30.5 |
15.8 |
*20.5 |
Low
income |
37,059 |
14.1 |
301 |
642 |
3,356 |
15.7 |
26.6 |
23.1 |
8.3 |
26.2 |
Middle
income |
90,343 |
11.8 |
349 |
594 |
6,351 |
13.9 |
50 |
19.1 |
3.3 |
13.7 |
High
income |
106,754 |
9.3 |
344 |
588 |
5,856 |
10.3 |
71 |
10 |
*2.1 |
6.6 |
Metropolitan statistical area (MSA) |
MSA |
226,861 |
11.3 |
$318 |
$613 |
$15,695 |
11.7 |
47.3 |
17.9 |
8 |
15.1 |
Non-MSA |
51,545 |
13.2 |
300 |
523 |
3,553 |
14.7 |
41 |
18.1 |
10.3 |
16 |
Census
region |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Northeast |
52,636 |
12.2 |
285 |
504 |
3,246 |
9.5 |
47.6 |
21.2 |
9.7 |
12 |
Midwest |
64,536 |
12.7 |
361 |
710 |
5,816 |
10 |
45.7 |
16.7 |
9 |
*18.6 |
South |
97,373 |
11.9 |
301 |
562 |
6,519 |
16.4 |
43.8 |
17.1 |
7.3 |
15.4 |
West |
63,861 |
9.7 |
317 |
595 |
3,668 |
10.8 |
49.7 |
18.5 |
8.5 |
12.5 |
Perceived
health status |
Excellent |
87,890 |
8.9 |
290 |
526 |
4,123 |
11.3 |
58.8 |
4.2 |
9.1 |
16.5 |
Very
good |
93,499 |
9.5 |
300 |
588 |
5,222 |
13.3 |
50 |
7.9 |
7.3 |
21.4 |
Good |
67,922 |
12.6 |
349 |
586 |
4,997 |
13.9 |
48.5 |
19.5 |
8.4 |
9.7 |
Fair |
20,666 |
20.7 |
341 |
656 |
2,806 |
11.1 |
34 |
38.1 |
8.5 |
8.3 |
Poor |
7,720 |
34.4 |
373 |
733 |
1,945 |
9.3 |
23 |
39.4 |
10.6 |
17.8 |
aExpenses
for visits to medical providers seen in emergency rooms
(except visits resulting in an overnight hospital stay)
are included. excluded.
bPrivate
insurance includes TRICARE (Armed-Forces-related coverage).
cOther
includes payments from the Department of Veterans Affairs
(except TRICARE); other Federal sources (Indian Health
Service, military treatment facilities, and other care
provided by the Federal Government); various State and
local sources (community and neighborhood clinics, State
and local health departments, and State programs other
than Medicaid); Workers’ Compensation; various unclassified
sources (e.g., automobile, homeowner’s, or other liability
insurance, and other miscellaneous or unknown sources);
Medicaid payments reported for persons who were not reported
as enrolled in the Medicaid program at any time during
the year; and private insurance payments reported for
persons without any reported private health insurance
coverage during the year.
dUninsured
refers to persons uninsured during the entire year. Public
and private health insurance categories refer to individuals
with public or private insurance at any time during the
period; individuals with both public and private insurance
and those with TRICARE (Armed-Forces-related coverage)
are classified as having private insurance.
ePoor—persons
in families with income less than 100 percent of the
poverty line, including those whose losses exceeded their
earnings, resulting in negative income; nearpoor— persons
in families with income from 100 percent to less than
125 percent of the poverty line; low income—persons in
families with income from 125 percent to less than 200
percent of the poverty line; middle income—persons in
families with income from 200 percent to less than 400
percent of the poverty line; high income—persons in families
with income at or over 400 percent of the poverty line. —Less
than 100 sample cases.
*Relative
standard error equal to or greater than 30 percent.
Note: Restricted
to civilian noninstitutionalized population. Percents
may not add to 100 because of rounding.
Source: Center
for Financing, Access, and Cost Trends, Agency for Healthcare
Research and Quality: Medical Expenditure Panel Survey,
2000. |
Table
7. Prescription medicinesa―Median
and mean expenses per person with expense and distribution
of expenses by source of payment: United States,
2000
|
|
|
|
Expense
per person
with an expense
|
|
Percent
distribution of total expenses
by source of payment
|
Population
characteristic |
Population
(in
thousands) |
Percent with expense |
Median |
Mean |
Total
expenses (in millions) |
Out of pocket |
Private insuranceb |
Medicare |
Medicaid |
Otherc |
Total |
278,406 |
62.3 |
$186 |
$594 |
$102,992 |
46.1 |
33.9 |
4.6 |
11.2 |
4.2 |
|
Age
in years |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Under
65 |
243,624 |
58.5 |
136 |
485 |
69,171 |
41 |
42.4 |
0.9 |
12.9 |
2.8 |
Under
6 |
24,126 |
56.9 |
32 |
86 |
1,174 |
42.9 |
34 |
*0.1 |
21.7 |
*1.2 |
6-17 |
48,405 |
46.2 |
61 |
213 |
4,752 |
32.9 |
47 |
*0.1 |
17.7 |
*2.4 |
18-44 |
109,021 |
56 |
121 |
382 |
23,297 |
39.6 |
43 |
*0.3 |
15.8 |
1.2 |
45-64 |
62,072 |
73.3 |
434 |
878 |
39,948 |
42.8 |
41.7 |
*1.4 |
10.4 |
3.9 |
65
and over |
34,782 |
88.3 |
695 |
1,102 |
33,821 |
56.6 |
16.6 |
12.1 |
7.7 |
7 |
Sex |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Male |
135,882 |
54.9 |
146 |
546 |
40,780 |
41 |
35 |
4.4 |
10.7 |
9 |
Female |
142,524 |
69.2 |
219 |
631 |
62,212 |
49.5 |
33.2 |
4.7 |
11.5 |
1.1 |
Race/ethnicity |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
White
and other |
209,401 |
66.6 |
214 |
626 |
87,381 |
46.6 |
36 |
4.5 |
8.9 |
4.1 |
Black |
35,049 |
50.8 |
125 |
487 |
8,657 |
44.2 |
22.4 |
4.6 |
22.3 |
6.5 |
Hispanic |
33,955 |
47.2 |
92 |
434 |
6,954 |
42.4 |
22.4 |
5.4 |
26.5 |
3.2 |
Health
insurance statusd |
Under
age 65: |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Any
private |
182,658 |
61.7 |
144 |
445 |
50,128 |
38.4 |
58.5 |
*0.4 |
*1.4 |
1.5 |
Public
only |
28,622 |
62.1 |
119 |
810 |
14,396 |
35.7 |
*0.0 |
*3.1 |
57.1 |
4.1 |
Uninsured |
32,344 |
37.6 |
89 |
382 |
4,647 |
86.3 |
*0.0 |
*0.0 |
*0.0 |
13.7 |
Age
65 and over: |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Medicare
only |
11,515 |
87.6 |
627 |
1,041 |
10,504 |
69.4 |
*0.0 |
17.9 |
*0.0 |
12.7 |
Medicare
and private |
19,570 |
88.8 |
708 |
1,059 |
18,410 |
54 |
30.5 |
10.1 |
*0.7 |
4.7 |
Medicare
and other public |
3,568 |
89 |
934 |
1,541 |
4,895 |
38.6 |
*0.0 |
6.9 |
50.6 |
*3.9 |
Poverty
statuse |
Poor |
32,053 |
58.6 |
139 |
691 |
12,984 |
44.5 |
9.2 |
4.1 |
38.8 |
3.4 |
Near-poor |
12,196 |
60.2 |
213 |
749 |
5,496 |
55.6 |
8 |
*5.0 |
27.4 |
4 |
Low
income |
37,059 |
59.6 |
181 |
685 |
15,148 |
51.3 |
20.2 |
5.3 |
16.5 |
6.8 |
Middle
income |
90,343 |
61.9 |
176 |
569 |
31,787 |
47.4 |
35.7 |
5.9 |
6.6 |
4.4 |
High
income |
106,754 |
64.8 |
205 |
543 |
37,578 |
42.2 |
50.3 |
3.2 |
*1.0 |
3.3 |
Metropolitan statistical area (MSA) |
MSA |
226,861 |
61.1 |
$174 |
$576 |
$79,881 |
45 |
35.1 |
5.2 |
10.9 |
3.8 |
Non-MSA |
51,545 |
67.1 |
239 |
668 |
23,111 |
50.1 |
29.9 |
2.5 |
12.1 |
5.5 |
Census
region |
Northeast |
52,636 |
64.3 |
172 |
605 |
20,470 |
44.3 |
35.2 |
6.4 |
11 |
3.1 |
Midwest |
64,536 |
64.1 |
204 |
622 |
25,745 |
46.1 |
38 |
3.6 |
8.8 |
3.6 |
South |
97,373 |
62.6 |
223 |
622 |
37,963 |
49 |
33 |
2.2 |
11.4 |
4.3 |
West |
63,861 |
58.1 |
135 |
507 |
18,814 |
42.3 |
28.8 |
8.6 |
14.1 |
6.1 |
Perceived
health status |
Excellent |
87,890 |
49 |
80 |
251 |
10,810 |
43.8 |
43.8 |
2.7 |
*7.4 |
2.2 |
Very
good |
93,499 |
61.6 |
150 |
422 |
24,345 |
44.9 |
41.6 |
4.2 |
6 |
3.3 |
Good |
67,922 |
69.7 |
282 |
676 |
32,007 |
45.9 |
37.1 |
4.2 |
8.2 |
4.5 |
Fair |
20,666 |
86.9 |
692 |
1,275 |
22,892 |
47.3 |
26.3 |
5.7 |
17.2 |
3.5 |
Poor |
7,720 |
92.2 |
1,230 |
1,805 |
12,842 |
48.7 |
16.7 |
5.5 |
20.9 |
8.2 |
aExpenses
for all prescribed medicines initially purchased or
otherwise obtained during the year, as well as any refills,
are included. Free samples are included in the estimate
of percent of persons with any expense.
bPrivate
insurance includes TRICARE (Armed-Forces-related
coverage).
cOther
includes payments from the Department of Veterans
Affairs (except TRICARE); other Federal sources
(Indian Health Service, military treatment facilities,
and other care provided by the Federal Government);
various State and local sources (community and neighborhood
clinics, State and local health departments, and
State programs other than Medicaid); Workers’ Compensation;
various unclassified sources (e.g., automobile,
homeowner’s, or other liability insurance, and other
miscellaneous or unknown sources); Medicaid payments
reported for persons who were not reported as enrolled
in the Medicaid program at any time during the year;
and private insurance payments reported for persons
without any reported private health insurance coverage
during the year.
dUninsured
refers to persons uninsured during the entire year.
Public and private health insurance categories refer
to individuals with public or private insurance
at any time during the period; individuals with
both public and private insurance and those with
TRICARE (Armed-Forces-related coverage) are classified
as having private insurance.
ePoor—persons
in families with income less than 100 percent of
the poverty line, including those whose losses exceeded
their earnings, resulting in negative income; nearpoor— persons
in families with income from 100 percent to less
than 125 percent of the poverty line; low income—persons
in families with income from 125 percent to less
than 200 percent of the poverty line; middle income—persons
in families with income from 200 percent to less
than 400 percent of the poverty line; high income—persons
in families with income at or over 400 percent of
the poverty line.
*Relative
standard error equal to or greater than 30 percent.
Note:
Restricted to civilian noninstitutionalized population.
Percents may not add to 100 because of rounding.
Source:
Center for Financing, Access, and Cost Trends, Agency
for Healthcare Research and Quality: Medical Expenditure
Panel Survey, 2000. |
Table
8. Dental servicesa―Median
and mean expenses per person with expense and distribution
of expensed by source of payment: United States,
2000
|
|
|
|
Expense
per person
with an expense
|
|
Percent
distribution of total expenses
by source of payment
|
Population
characteristic |
Population
(in
thousands) |
Percent with expense |
Median |
Mean |
Total
expenses (in millions) |
Out of pocket |
Private insuranceb |
Medicare |
Medicaid |
Otherc |
Total |
278,406 |
40.1 |
$168 |
$498 |
$55,551 |
49.3 |
42.2 |
0.5 |
4 |
3.9 |
|
Age
in years |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Under
65 |
243,624 |
40.2 |
164 |
492 |
48,209 |
45.2 |
46.3 |
*0.0 |
4.6 |
3.9 |
Under
6 |
24,126 |
20.1 |
99 |
193 |
937 |
25.4 |
43.3 |
*0.0 |
25.6 |
*5.7 |
6-17 |
48,405 |
51.1 |
155 |
654 |
16,172 |
44 |
47.6 |
*0.0 |
6.5 |
1.9 |
18-44 |
109,021 |
36.8 |
155 |
404 |
16,223 |
42 |
49.1 |
*0.0 |
*4.6 |
4.3 |
45-64 |
62,072 |
45.4 |
209 |
528 |
14,876 |
51.2 |
42 |
*0.0 |
1.1 |
5.6 |
65
and over |
34,782 |
39.5 |
196 |
534 |
7,341 |
76.7 |
15.2 |
3.6 |
0.4 |
4.1 |
Sex |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Male |
135,882 |
36.9 |
162 |
464 |
23,274 |
49.8 |
40.3 |
*0.4 |
*4.6 |
4.9 |
Female |
142,524 |
43.2 |
172 |
525 |
32,277 |
49 |
43.6 |
*0.5 |
3.6 |
3.3 |
Race/ethnicity |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
White
and other |
209,401 |
45 |
178 |
524 |
49,390 |
49.8 |
42.3 |
0.5 |
3.6 |
3.8 |
Black |
35,049 |
26 |
107 |
354 |
3,224 |
40.3 |
47.4 |
*0.3 |
7.1 |
4.9 |
Hispanic |
33,955 |
24.4 |
128 |
354 |
2,936 |
51.7 |
35.3 |
*0.6 |
7.3 |
5.1 |
Health
insurance statusd |
Under
age 65: |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Any
private |
182,658 |
46.1 |
174 |
515 |
43,411 |
44.1 |
51.4 |
*0.0 |
*1.6 |
2.8 |
Public
only |
28,622 |
27.9 |
87 |
287 |
2,290 |
26.9 |
*0.0 |
*0.4 |
66.4 |
6.2 |
Uninsured |
32,344 |
17.5 |
151 |
444 |
2,508 |
79.8 |
*0.0 |
*0.0 |
*0.0 |
20.3 |
Age
65 and over: |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Medicare
only |
11,515 |
32.6 |
195 |
661 |
2,480 |
86.8 |
*0.0 |
*5.3 |
*0.0 |
*8.0 |
Medicare
and private |
19,570 |
47.9 |
200 |
490 |
4,601 |
72.6 |
24.3 |
1.6 |
*0.0 |
1.5 |
Medicare
and other public |
3,568 |
16.4 |
— |
— |
— |
— |
— |
— |
— |
— |
Poverty
statuse |
Poor |
32,053 |
24.8 |
105 |
345 |
2,744 |
44.1 |
23.3 |
*2.2 |
22.2 |
*8.2 |
Near-poor |
12,196 |
25.4 |
150 |
495 |
*1,533 |
*31.0 |
*25.1 |
*0.3 |
*36.8 |
*6.8 |
Low
income |
37,059 |
28.6 |
144 |
392 |
4,157 |
59.5 |
25.1 |
*0.5 |
10.5 |
*4.5 |
Middle
income |
90,343 |
38.6 |
166 |
490 |
17,093 |
51.1 |
40.5 |
*0.6 |
*3.3 |
4.5 |
High
income |
106,754 |
51.6 |
185 |
545 |
30,025 |
48.3 |
48.2 |
0.3 |
*0.2 |
3 |
Metropolitan statistical area (MSA) |
MSA |
226,861 |
40.9 |
$170 |
$502 |
$46,597 |
48.1 |
42.9 |
0.6 |
4.4 |
4.1 |
Non-MSA |
51,545 |
36.5 |
151 |
476 |
8,954 |
56 |
38.7 |
*0.1 |
2.2 |
3.1 |
Census
region |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Northeast |
52,636 |
45.7 |
185 |
519 |
12,469 |
51.6 |
39.5 |
*0.7 |
3.9 |
4.3 |
Midwest |
64,536 |
45 |
149 |
449 |
13,024 |
46.7 |
45.7 |
*0.3 |
*3.3 |
4 |
South |
97,373 |
35.4 |
154 |
472 |
16,278 |
54.1 |
40.3 |
*0.4 |
1.3 |
3.9 |
West |
63,861 |
37.8 |
200 |
571 |
13,780 |
44.2 |
43.6 |
*0.7 |
*8.0 |
3.5 |
Perceived
health status |
Excellent |
87,890 |
42.6 |
160 |
477 |
17,845 |
45.7 |
48.3 |
*0.1 |
3 |
2.8 |
Very
good |
93,499 |
42.8 |
165 |
514 |
20,587 |
49.2 |
44.8 |
*0.5 |
1.9 |
3.6 |
Good |
67,922 |
37.5 |
176 |
480 |
12,235 |
50.6 |
35.1 |
*0.7 |
*8.4 |
5.2 |
Fair |
20,666 |
32.3 |
200 |
560 |
3,740 |
62.3 |
26.7 |
*0.6 |
3.8 |
6.7 |
Poor |
7,720 |
26.4 |
185 |
561 |
1,144 |
53.2 |
26.9 |
*2.6 |
*12.6 |
*4.7 |
aServices
provided by general dentists, dental hygienists, dental
technicians, dental surgeons, orthodontists, endodontists,
and periodontists are included.
bPrivate
insurance includes TRICARE (Armed-Forces-related
coverage).
cOther
includes payments from the Department of Veterans
Affairs (except TRICARE); other Federal sources
(Indian Health Service, military treatment facilities,
and other care provided by the Federal Government);
various State and local sources (community and neighborhood
clinics, State and local health departments, and
State programs other than Medicaid); Workers’ Compensation;
various unclassified sources (e.g., automobile,
homeowner’s, or other liability insurance, and other
miscellaneous or unknown sources); Medicaid payments
reported for persons who were not reported as enrolled
in the Medicaid program at any time during the year;
and private insurance payments reported for persons
without any reported private health insurance coverage
during the year.
dUninsured
refers to persons uninsured during the entire year.
Public and private health insurance categories refer
to individuals with public or private insurance
at any time during the period; individuals with
both public and private insurance and those with
TRICARE (Armed-Forces-related coverage) are classified
as having private insurance.
ePoor—persons
in families with income less than 100 percent of
the poverty line, including those whose losses exceeded
their earnings, resulting in negative income; near
poor—persons in families with income from 100 percent
to less than 125 percent of the poverty line; low
income—persons in families with income from 125
percent to less than 200 percent of the poverty
line; middle income—persons in families with income
from 200 percent to less than 400 percent of the
poverty line; high income—persons in families with
income at or over 400 percent of the poverty line.
—Less
than 100 sample cases.
*Relative
standard error equal to or greater than 30 percent.
Note:
Restricted to civilian noninstitutionalized population.
Percents may not add to 100 because of rounding.
Source:
Center for Financing, Access, and Cost Trends, Agency
for Healthcare Research and Quality: Medical Expenditure
Panel Survey, 2000. |
Table
9. Home health servicesa―Median
and mean expenses per person with expense and distribution
of expensed by source of payment: United States,
2000
|
|
|
|
Expense
per person
with an expense
|
|
Percent
distribution of total expenses
by source of payment
|
Population
characteristic |
Population
(in
thousands) |
Percent with expense |
Median |
Mean |
Total
expenses (in millions) |
Out of pocket |
Private insuranceb |
Medicare |
Medicaid |
Otherc |
Total |
278,406 |
1.8 |
$1,710 |
$5,136 |
$25,640 |
12.4 |
*4.2 |
25.6 |
48.2 |
*9.6 |
|
Age
in years |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Under
65 |
243,624 |
0.8 |
1,507 |
6,551 |
12,960 |
*3.7 |
*3.6 |
*13.2 |
68 |
*11.5 |
Under
6 |
24,126 |
1.2 |
— |
— |
— |
— |
— |
— |
— |
— |
6-17 |
48,405 |
*0.5 |
— |
— |
— |
— |
— |
— |
— |
— |
18-44 |
109,021 |
0.5 |
— |
— |
— |
— |
— |
— |
— |
— |
45-64 |
62,072 |
1.4 |
— |
— |
— |
— |
— |
— |
— |
— |
65
and over |
34,782 |
8.7 |
1,800 |
4,207 |
12,680 |
21.2 |
*4.7 |
38.4 |
28.1 |
7.6 |
Sex |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Male |
135,882 |
1.5 |
1,592 |
4,081 |
8,320 |
*13.0 |
*5.1 |
37.8 |
36 |
8 |
Female |
142,524 |
2.1 |
1,775 |
5,863 |
17,321 |
*12.1 |
*3.7 |
19.8 |
54.1 |
*10.4 |
Race/ethnicity |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
White
and other |
209,401 |
1.9 |
1,500 |
4,831 |
19,552 |
15.7 |
*4.6 |
23.9 |
45.3 |
*10.4 |
Black |
35,049 |
1.7 |
— |
— |
— |
— |
— |
— |
— |
— |
Hispanic |
33,955 |
1 |
— |
— |
— |
— |
— |
— |
— |
— |
Health
insurance statusd |
Under
age 65: |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Any
private |
182,658 |
0.5 |
— |
— |
— |
— |
— |
— |
— |
— |
Public
only |
28,622 |
3.7 |
— |
— |
— |
— |
— |
— |
— |
— |
Uninsured |
32,344 |
*0.2 |
— |
— |
— |
— |
— |
— |
— |
— |
Age
65 and over: |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Medicare
only |
11,515 |
7.6 |
— |
— |
— |
— |
— |
— |
— |
— |
Medicare
and private |
19,570 |
6.9 |
1,290 |
3,289 |
4,436 |
*32.7 |
*13.5 |
42.6 |
*7.8 |
*3.5 |
Medicare
and other public |
3,568 |
22.2 |
— |
— |
— |
— |
— |
— |
— |
— |
Poverty
statuse |
Poor |
32,053 |
3.1 |
1,775 |
4,743 |
4,762 |
*16.0 |
*1.7 |
41.1 |
33.4 |
*7.9 |
Near-poor |
12,196 |
3.7 |
— |
— |
— |
— |
— |
— |
— |
— |
Low
income |
37,059 |
2.7 |
— |
— |
— |
— |
— |
— |
— |
— |
Middle
income |
90,343 |
1.6 |
1,524 |
3,252 |
4,695 |
*8.6 |
*4.5 |
*24.4 |
*35.8 |
*26.7 |
High
income |
106,754 |
1 |
— |
— |
— |
— |
— |
— |
— |
— |
Metropolitan
statistical area (MSA) |
MSA |
226,861 |
1.7 |
$1,540 |
$4,917 |
$19,219 |
*13.1 |
*4.8 |
21.8 |
49.2 |
*11.2 |
Non-MSA |
51,545 |
2.1 |
1,867 |
5,924 |
6,422 |
10.2 |
2.3 |
37.3 |
45.4 |
4.8 |
Census
region |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Northeast |
52,636 |
2.2 |
— |
— |
— |
— |
— |
— |
— |
— |
Midwest |
64,536 |
1.9 |
— |
— |
— |
— |
— |
— |
— |
— |
South |
97,373 |
1.7 |
1,733 |
4,939 |
*8,118 |
*14.0 |
*4.9 |
*27.6 |
*49.2 |
*4.2 |
West |
63,861 |
1.5 |
— |
— |
— |
— |
— |
— |
— |
— |
Perceived
health status |
Excellent |
87,890 |
0.5 |
— |
— |
— |
— |
— |
— |
— |
— |
Very
good |
93,499 |
0.7 |
— |
— |
— |
— |
— |
— |
— |
— |
Good |
67,922 |
1.7 |
— |
— |
— |
— |
— |
— |
— |
— |
Fair |
20,666 |
6.8 |
1,602 |
*6,280 |
*8,810 |
*10.5 |
*2.1 |
*21.0 |
60 |
*6.3 |
Poor |
7,720 |
16.3 |
1,775 |
4,309 |
5,412 |
*10.0 |
*9.0 |
45.6 |
32 |
*3.5 |
aExpenses
for care provided by home health agencies and independent
home health providers are included. Most home health
expenses (87.5 percent) were for agency providers.
bPrivate
insurance includes TRICARE (Armed-Forces-related
coverage).
cOther
includes payments from the Department of Veterans
Affairs (except TRICARE); other Federal sources
(Indian Health Service, military treatment facilities,
and other care provided by the Federal Government);
various State and local sources (community and neighborhood
clinics, State and local health departments, and
State programs other than Medicaid); Workers’ Compensation;
various unclassified sources (e.g., automobile,
homeowner’s, or other liability insurance, and other
miscellaneous or unknown sources); Medicaid payments
reported for persons who were not reported as enrolled
in the Medicaid program at any time during the year;
and private insurance payments reported for persons
without any reported private health insurance coverage
during the year.
dUninsured
refers to persons uninsured during the entire year.
Public and private health insurance categories refer
to individuals with public or private insurance
at any time during the period; individuals with
both public and private insurance and those with
TRICARE (Armed-Forces-related coverage) are classified
as having private insurance.
ePoor—persons
in families with income less than 100 percent of
the poverty line, including those whose losses exceeded
their earnings, resulting in negative income; nearpoor— persons
in families with income from 100 percent to less
than 125 percent of the poverty line; low income—persons
in families with income from 125 percent to less
than 200 percent of the poverty line; middle income—persons
in families with income from 200 percent to less
than 400 percent of the poverty line; high income—persons
in families with income at or over 400 percent of
the poverty line.
—Less
than 100 sample cases.
*Relative
standard error equal to or greater than 30 percent.
Note:
Restricted to civilian noninstitutionalized population.
Percents may not add to 100 because of rounding.
Source:
Center for Financing, Access, and Cost Trends, Agency
for Healthcare Research and Quality: Medical Expenditure
Panel Survey, 2000. |
Table
10.
Other medical equipment and servicesa ―Median
and mean expenses per person with expense and
distribution of expensed by source of payment:
United States, 2000
|
|
|
|
Expense
per person
with an expense
|
|
Percent
distribution of total expenses
by source of payment
|
Population
characteristic |
Population
(in
thousands) |
Percent with expense |
Median |
Mean |
Total
expenses (in millions) |
Out of pocket |
Private insuranceb |
Medicare |
Medicaid |
Otherc |
Total |
278,406 |
18.6 |
$180 |
$260 |
$13,412 |
71.3 |
16 |
3 |
6.7 |
3 |
|
Age
in years |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Under
65 |
243,624 |
17.4 |
178 |
237 |
10,037 |
71.1 |
18.6 |
*0.5 |
7.4 |
2.3 |
Under
6 |
24,126 |
2.4 |
— |
— |
— |
— |
— |
— |
— |
— |
6-17 |
48,405 |
13.2 |
150 |
182 |
1,166 |
63.5 |
18.4 |
*0.1 |
16.7 |
*1.3 |
18-44 |
109,021 |
17.9 |
160 |
209 |
4,072 |
72.5 |
17.7 |
*0.1 |
6.9 |
2.7 |
45-64 |
62,072 |
25.7 |
223 |
292 |
4,653 |
72 |
19.3 |
*1.0 |
5.6 |
2.2 |
65
and over |
34,782 |
26.7 |
200 |
364 |
3,375 |
71.6 |
8.1 |
10.3 |
4.7 |
5.3 |
Sex |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Male |
135,882 |
15.7 |
179 |
271 |
5,787 |
70.2 |
15.8 |
*2.9 |
6.3 |
4.9 |
Female |
142,524 |
21.2 |
182 |
252 |
7,625 |
72.1 |
16.1 |
3.1 |
7.1 |
1.7 |
Race/ethnicity |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
White
and other |
209,401 |
20.6 |
187 |
264 |
11,406 |
72.8 |
16 |
3 |
5.1 |
3 |
Black |
35,049 |
12.9 |
136 |
214 |
965 |
67.6 |
11.2 |
3.6 |
13.9 |
3.6 |
Hispanic |
33,955 |
11.8 |
175 |
260 |
1,041 |
57.2 |
20.2 |
1.6 |
*18.3 |
*2.7 |
Health
insurance statusd |
Under
age 65: |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Any
private |
182,658 |
19.2 |
180 |
236 |
8,268 |
74.7 |
22.6 |
*0.1 |
*1.2 |
1.4 |
Public
only |
28,622 |
14.7 |
147 |
245 |
1,027 |
30.9 |
*0.0 |
*4.2 |
63 |
*1.8 |
Uninsured |
32,344 |
9.8 |
160 |
233 |
742 |
87.4 |
*0.0 |
*0.0 |
*0.0 |
12.6 |
Age
65 and over: |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Medicare
only |
11,515 |
24.8 |
180 |
323 |
923 |
69 |
*0.0 |
21.1 |
*0.0 |
9.9 |
Medicare
and private |
19,570 |
28.4 |
215 |
388 |
2,156 |
77.5 |
12.7 |
5.9 |
*0.1 |
*3.8 |
Medicare
and other public |
3,568 |
24 |
176 |
343 |
293 |
36.4 |
*0.0 |
*9.2 |
52.6 |
*1.7 |
Poverty
statuse |
Poor |
32,053 |
14 |
150 |
251 |
1,124 |
52.4 |
4.8 |
*3.7 |
33.6 |
*5.5 |
Near-poor |
12,196 |
14.8 |
156 |
245 |
442 |
55.4 |
*12.1 |
*8.2 |
*22.4 |
*2.0 |
Low
income |
37,059 |
16.3 |
165 |
255 |
1,536 |
72.5 |
8.6 |
6.3 |
9.1 |
3.5 |
Middle
income |
90,343 |
16.5 |
168 |
239 |
3,555 |
70.4 |
16.3 |
*3.6 |
*5.0 |
*4.7 |
High
income |
106,754 |
22.9 |
200 |
276 |
6,755 |
75.6 |
19.6 |
1.4 |
*1.6 |
1.7 |
Metropolitan statistical area (MSA) |
MSA |
226,861 |
18.5 |
$182 |
$261 |
$10,973 |
71.5 |
16 |
2.2 |
7.1 |
3.2 |
Non-MSA |
51,545 |
18.6 |
173 |
254 |
2,439 |
70.3 |
15.9 |
*6.3 |
5.1 |
2.4 |
Census
region |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Northeast |
52,636 |
19.7 |
200 |
258 |
2,678 |
72.3 |
17.2 |
*3.1 |
5 |
2.3 |
Midwest |
64,536 |
20.3 |
180 |
267 |
3,504 |
76 |
15.5 |
1.4 |
3.3 |
3.8 |
South |
97,373 |
17.6 |
174 |
256 |
4,389 |
72.3 |
11.8 |
*3.9 |
*9.0 |
*3.0 |
West |
63,861 |
17.2 |
180 |
258 |
2,842 |
62.8 |
21.9 |
*3.3 |
9.1 |
2.9 |
Perceived
health status |
Excellent |
87,890 |
15.1 |
175 |
243 |
3,220 |
77.9 |
17 |
*1.5 |
2.2 |
1.5 |
Very
good |
93,499 |
19 |
185 |
239 |
4,236 |
73.3 |
18.7 |
*1.3 |
*4.0 |
*2.8 |
Good |
67,922 |
19.4 |
180 |
258 |
3,411 |
69.7 |
14.7 |
*4.9 |
7.7 |
2.9 |
Fair |
20,666 |
24.1 |
190 |
323 |
1,613 |
70.9 |
12 |
5 |
8.1 |
4 |
Poor |
7,720 |
31.9 |
181 |
379 |
933 |
45.2 |
12.1 |
5.1 |
29.1 |
*8.4 |
aExpenses
for eyeglasses, contact lenses, ambulance services,
orthopedic items, hearing devices, prostheses, bathroom
aids, medical equipment, disposable supplies, alterations/modifications,
and other miscellaneous items or services that were
obtained, purchased, or rented during the year are included.
About two-thirds of the expenditures in this category
were for vision items.
bPrivate
insurance includes TRICARE (Armed-Forces-related
coverage).
cOther
includes payments from the Department of Veterans
Affairs (except TRICARE); other Federal sources
(Indian Health Service, military treatment facilities,
and other care provided by the Federal Government);
various State and local sources (community and neighborhood
clinics, State and local health departments, and
State programs other than Medicaid); Workers’ Compensation;
various unclassified sources (e.g., automobile,
homeowner’s, or other liability insurance, and other
miscellaneous or unknown sources); Medicaid payments
reported for persons who were not reported as enrolled
in the Medicaid program at any time during the year;
and private insurance payments reported for persons
without any reported private health insurance coverage
during the year.
dUninsured
refers to persons uninsured during the entire year.
Public and private health insurance categories refer
to individuals with public or private insurance
at any time during the period; individuals with
both public and private insurance and those with
TRICARE (Armed-Forces-related coverage) are classified
as having private insurance.
ePoor—persons
in families with income less than 100 percent of
the poverty line, including those whose losses exceeded
their earnings, resulting in negative income; near
poor— persons in families with income from 100 percent
to less than 125 percent of the poverty line; low
income—persons in families with income from 125
percent to less than 200 percent of the poverty
line; middle income—persons in families with income
from 200 percent to less than 400 percent of the
poverty line; high income—persons in families with
income at or over 400 percent of the poverty line.
—Less
than 100 sample cases.
*Relative
standard error equal to or greater than 30 percent.
Note:
Restricted to civilian noninstitutionalized population.
Percents may not add to 100 because of rounding.
Source:
Center for Financing, Access, and Cost Trends, Agency
for Healthcare Research and Quality: Medical Expenditure
Panel Survey, 2000. |
^top
Technical
Appendix
The data source for this report is the
Medical Expenditure Panel Survey (MEPS), an ongoing annual survey
of the civilian noninstitutionalized population that collects
detailed information on health care use and expenditures (including
sources of payment), health insurance, health status, access,
and quality. MEPS also collects detailed demographic and
economic information on the people in the households surveyed.
Expenditure data in MEPS are obtained from both the household
interview and the Medical Provider Component, which collects
data from a sample of respondents’ hospitals, physicians,
home health care providers, and pharmacies. (See the section “MEPS
Expenditures Methodology” in this appendix for more details.)
The expenditure estimates for 2000
and 1996 presented and cited in this report were obtained
from the compendia of tables available
on the MEPS Web site: http://www.meps.ahrq.gov/data_public.htm. However,
the 2000 estimates by place of residence (MSA and non-MSA) presented
here differ slightly from those on the Web site. These published
estimates were based on complete information for all persons,
whereas those on the Web site classified a small proportion
of persons with missing MSA status.
More information about MEPS can be found at http://www.meps.ahrq.gov.
Detailed descriptions of the survey and its methodology have
been previously published (Cohen JW, 1997; Cohen SB, 2000; Cohen
SB, 2003).
Definitions
Expenditures. Expenditures in this report
refer to what is actually paid for health care services. More
specifically, in MEPS, expenditures are defined as the sum of
direct payments for care received, including out-of-pocket payments
for care received and payments made by private insurance, Medicare,
Medicaid, and other sources. Payments for over-the-counter drugs
and alternative care services are not included in MEPS total
expenditures. Indirect payments not related to specific medical
events, such as Medicaid Disproportionate Share and Medicare
Direct Medical Education subsidies, are also not included.
This definition of expenditures differs somewhat from that
used in predecessor surveys, the 1987 National Medical Expenditure
Survey and the 1977 National Medical Care Expenditure Survey,
in which charges rather than payments were used to measure medical
expenditures. Users who wish to compare the expenditure data
presented in this report with data from the 1987 survey should
consult Zuvekas and Cohen (2002).
Type of service. In addition to expenditures for total health
services (Table 2), expenses are classified in this report into
eight broad types of service: hospital inpatient, office-based
medical provider services, hospital outpatient, emergency room,
prescription medicines, dental services, home health, and other
medical equipment and services. These categories are described
below and, where relevant, in the footnotes to the tables in
this report.
- Hospital
inpatient services (Table 3). This category includes
room and board and all hospital diagnostic and laboratory
expenses
associated with the basic facility charge, payments
for separately billed physician inpatient services,
and emergency
room expenses incurred immediately prior to inpatient
stays. Expenses for reported hospital stays with the
same admission
and discharge dates are also included. Expenses for
newborns who left the hospital on the same day as
the mother are
included in the mother’s record.
- Office-based medical provider services (Table 4). This
category includes expenses for visits to medical
providers seen in office-based
settings or clinics.
- Hospital outpatient services (Table 5). This category
includes expenses for visits to both physicians
and other medical providers
seen in hospital outpatient departments, including payments
for services covered under the basic facility charge and
those for separately billed physician services.
- Emergency room services (Table 6). This category includes
expenses for visits to medical providers seen in emergency
rooms (except
visits resulting in a hospital admission). These expenses
include payments for services covered under the basic
facility charge
and those for separately billed physician services.
- Prescription medicines (Table 7). This category includes
expenses for all prescribed medications initially purchased
or otherwise
obtained during 2000, as well as any refills.
- Dental services (Table 8). This category covers expenses
for any type of dental care provider, including general
dentists,
dental hygienists, dental technicians, dental surgeons,
orthodontists, endodontists, and periodontists.
Home health services (Table 9). This category includes
expenses for care provided by home health agencies
and independent
home health providers.
- Other medical equipment and services (Table 10). This
category includes expenses for eyeglasses, contact
lenses, ambulance
services, orthopedic items, hearing devices, prostheses,
bathroom aids, medical equipment, disposable supplies,
alterations/modifications, and other miscellaneous
items or services that were obtained,
purchased, or rented during the year. About two-thirds
of the expenditures in this category were for vision
items.
Sources of payment. Estimates of sources
of payment presented in this report represent the percentage
of the total sum of expenditures paid for by each source. Sources
of payment are classified as follows:
- Out of pocket by user or family.
- Private insurance-Includes payments made by insurance plans
covering hospital and medical care (excluding payments from
Medicare, Medicaid, and other public sources). Payments
from Medigap plans or TRICARE (Armed-Forces-related coverage)
are
also included. Payments from plans that provide coverage
for a single service only, such as dental or vision coverage,
are
not included.
- Medicare-A federally financed health insurance plan for
the elderly, persons receiving Social Security disability
payments,
and most persons with end-stage renal disease. Medicare
Part A, which provides hospital insurance, is automatically
given
to those who are eligible for Social Security. Medicare
Part B provides supplementary medical insurance that pays
for medical
expenses and can be purchased for a monthly premium.
- Medicaid-A means-tested government program jointly financed
by Federal and State funds that provides health care to
those who are eligible. Program eligibility criteria vary
significantly
by State, but the program is designed to provide health
coverage to families and individuals who are unable to afford
necessary
medical care.
- Other-Includes payments from
the Department of Veterans Affairs (except TRICARE); other
Federal sources (Indian Health
Service,
military treatment facilities, and other care provided by
the Federal Government); various State and local sources (community
and neighborhood clinics, State and local health departments,
and State programs other than Medicaid); Workers’ Compensation;
various unclassified sources (e.g., automobile, homeowner’s,
or other liability insurance, and other miscellaneous or unknown
sources); Medicaid payments reported for persons who were
not reported as enrolled in the Medicaid program at any time
during
the year; and private insurance payments reported for persons
without any reported private health insurance coverage during
the year.
Age. The respondent was asked to report the age of each family
member as of the date of each interview. In this report, age
is based on the sampled person’s age as of December 31st
of the reported year. If data were not collected at the end
of the year because the sample person was out of scope (e.g.,
deceased or institutionalized), then age at the time of the
last inscope interview(s) was used.
Race/ethnicity. Classifications
by race/ethnicity in this report are based on the following
three race/ethnicity groups: white/other,
black, and Hispanic. Classification by race and ethnicity is
based in information reported in MEPS for each family member.
First, respondents were asked if the sample person’s main
national origin or ancestry was Puerto Rican; Cuban; Mexican,
Mexican American, or Chicano; other Latin American; or other
Spanish. All persons whose main national origin or ancestry
was reported as one of these Hispanic groups, regardless of
racial background, are classified as Hispanic. The second category
is comprised of people who were not classified as Hispanic but
whose race was reported as black. All other persons were classified
as white/other. In this group, only about 5 percent were reported
as a race other than white (e.g., American Indians, Aleutian
Islanders and Eskimos, Asian and Pacific Islanders, and unspecified
races).
Health insurance status. Individuals under age 65 were classified
into the following three insurance categories based on household
responses to health insurance status questions administered
during Rounds 1-3 of the MEPS Household Component.
- Any private health insurance-Individuals who, at any time
during the year, had insurance that provides coverage for
hospital
and physician care (other than Medicare, Medicaid, or other
public hospital/physician coverage) are classified as having
private insurance. Coverage by TRICARE (Armed-Forces-related
coverage) is also included as private health insurance.
Insurance that provides coverage for a single service only,
such as dental
or vision coverage, is not included.
- Public coverage only-Individuals are considered to have
public coverage only if they met both of the following criteria:
- They were not covered by private insurance at any time during
the year.
- They were covered by one of the following public programs
at any point during the year: Medicare, Medicaid, or other
public
hospital/physician coverage.
- Uninsured-The uninsured are defined as people not covered
by Medicare, TRICARE, Medicaid, other public hospital/physician
programs, or private hospital/physician insurance at any
time
during the entire year or period of eligibility for the
survey. Individuals covered only by noncomprehensive State-specific
programs (e.g., Maryland Kidney Disease Program, Colorado
Child
Health Plan) or private single-service plans (e.g., coverage
for dental or vision care only, coverage for accidents or
specific diseases) are not considered to be insured.
- Individuals age 65 and over were classified into the following
three insurance categories:
- Medicare only.
- Medicare and private.
- Medicare and other public.
Income. Each year persons were classified according to their
family’s income. In this report, income is expressed in
terms of poverty status, the ratio of the family’s income
to the Federal poverty thresholds, which control for the size
of the family and the age of the head of the family. In this
report, the following classification was used.
- Poor-Persons in families with income less than 100 percent
of the poverty line, including those whose losses exceeded
their earnings, resulting in negative income.
- Near-poor-Persons in families with income from 100 percent
to less than 125 percent of the poverty line.
- Low income-Persons in families with income from 125 percent
to less than 200 percent of the poverty line.
- Middle income-Persons in families with income from 200 percent
to less than 400 percent of the poverty line.
- High income-Persons in families with income at or over 400
percent of the poverty line.
In MEPS, personal
income from each household member was summed to create family
income. Potential income sources asked about
in the survey interview include annual earnings from wages,
salaries, bonuses, tips, and commissions; business and farm
gains and losses; unemployment and Workers’ Compensation
payments; interests and dividends; alimony, child support, and
other private cash transfers; private pensions; individual retirement
account (IRA) withdrawals; Social Security and Department of
Veterans Affairs payments; Supplemental Security Income and
cash welfare payments from public assistance; TANF (Temporary
Assistance for Needy Families, formerly known as Aid to Families
with Dependent Children or AFDC); gains or losses from estates,
trusts, partnerships, C corporations, rent, and royalties; and
a small amount of other income.
Perceived health status. In every
round of MEPS, the respondent was asked to rate the health
of every member of the family.
The exact wording of the question is as follows: “In general,
compared to other people of (PERSON)’s age, would you
say that (PERSON)’s health is excellent, very good, good,
fair, or poor?” In the tables, this variable usually reflects
responses to the last interview for the calendar year (Round
3 or Round 5). However, if no response was obtained from that
interview, then reported health status was based on the most
recent of the prior two interviews. A small proportion of persons
had no valid response for health status on any of the three
interviews.
Place of residence. Each MEPS sample
person was classified as residing either inside or outside
a metropolitan statistical
area (MSA) as designated by the U.S. Office of Management and
Budget, which applied 1990 standards using population counts
from the 1990 U.S. census. An MSA is a large population nucleus
combined with adjacent communities that have a high degree of
economic and social integration with the nucleus. Each MSA has
one or more central counties containing the area’s main
population concentration. In New England, metropolitan areas
consist of cities and towns rather than whole counties. MSA
data are based on MSA status as of the end of the reference
year. If MSA status as of December 31 was not known, then MSA
status at the time of the previous interview was used.
Region of residence. Each MEPS sample person was classified
as living in one of the following four regions as defined by
the U.S. Census Bureau.
- Northeast-Maine, New Hampshire, Vermont, Massachusetts,
Rhode Island, Connecticut, New York, New Jersey, and Pennsylvania.
- Midwest-Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, Michigan, Wisconsin, Minnesota,
Iowa, Missouri, North Dakota, South Dakota, Nebraska, and
Kansas.
- South-Delaware, Maryland, District of Columbia, Virginia,
West Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina, Georgia, Florida,
Kentucky, Tennessee, Alabama, Mississippi, Arkansas, Louisiana,
Oklahoma, and Texas.
- West-Montana, Idaho, Wyoming, Colorado, New Mexico, Arizona,
Utah, Nevada, Washington, Oregon, California, Alaska, and
Hawaii.
Sample
Design
Each year, the MEPS Household Component
(HC) sample is drawn from those households that completed the
prior year’s National Health Interview Survey (NHIS).
For example, households selected for participation in MEPS Panel
5 (beginning in 2000) completed interviews in the 1999 NHIS,
the sample for MEPS Panel 4 (beginning in 1999) was drawn from
the 1998 NHIS, and so on. Because NHIS is used as a sampling
frame, the MEPS design is not only nationally representative
of the civilian noninstitutionalized population, but also includes
an oversampling of Hispanics and blacks. NHIS is conducted by
the National Center for Health Statistics (NCHS), Centers for
Disease Control and Prevention.
MEPS collects data via an overlapping
panel design. Each
household completes five interviews (“rounds” of
data collection) over a period of 21/2 years, providing data
for two full calendar years. Data from Rounds 1, 2, and 3 provide
information for the first year of estimation, and data from
Rounds 3, 4, and 5 provide data for the second year of estimates.
The estimates in this report for calendar year 2000 were based
on data collected from Rounds 3, 4, and 5 of MEPS Panel 4 and
Rounds 1, 2, and 3 of MEPS Panel 5. (Note that the reference
period for Round 3 of a MEPS panel overlaps two calendar years.)
In MEPS, a single respondent provides most of the information
on the health care experience of the entire family via computer-assisted
personal interviewing (CAPI).
The MEPS response rate reflects response to both MEPS and NHIS.
The overall response rate for MEPS Panel 4 in 2000, including
the NHIS response rate, was 63.7 percent. The overall response
rate for Panel 5 in 2000, including the NHIS response rate,
was 68.3 percent. The response rate for 2000 MEPS annual estimates
after combining both panels was 65.8 percent.
Accuracy
of Estimates
The estimates of total expenditures in
each table are based on 23,839 sample persons. They were weighted
to develop population estimates for a total of 278,405,516 persons
who were in the U.S. civilian noninstitutionalized population
for part or all of 2000. All expenditures for persons who were
in the target population for the full year, from January 1 through
December 31, 2000, were included in the estimates. People with
part-year information include newborns; people who died during
the year; and people who resided in an institution, were in
the military, or lived outside the country for part of the year.
Expenditures for deceased persons were measured for the period
from January 1 through the date of death, while those for newborns
were measured from the date of birth through December 31. Expenses
incurred during periods of full-time active-duty military service,
institutionalization, or residency outside the country were
not included.
Tests of statistical significance were used to determine whether
the differences between populations exist at specified levels
of confidence or whether they occurred by chance. Differences
were tested using Z-scores having asymptotic normal properties
at the 0.05 level of significance. Only statistically significant
differences between estimates are discussed in the text. However,
it should be noted that each individual significance test was
conducted at the 0.05 level, which does not control the error
rate for all significance tests conducted simultaneously at
the 0.05 level.
The statistics presented in this report are affected by both
sampling error and sources of nonsampling error, which include
nonresponse bias, respondent reporting errors (response errors),
interviewer effects, and data processing misspecifications.
The nonsampling errors, such as response errors, are difficult
to measure, but every effort is made to minimize such errors
at each step of the MEPS operation. The sampling error, however,
can be measured by the variance of the estimator. A Taylor-series
approach in SUDAAN is used to produce appropriate standard errors
for weighted estimates from MEPS with its complex survey design.
Standard errors for the MEPS estimates in this report are shown
in Tables A-J. The MEPS person-level estimation weights include
nonresponse adjustments and poststratification adjustments to
population estimates derived from the Current Population Survey
based on cross-classifications by region, MSA status, age, race/ethnicity,
and sex. For a detailed description of the MEPS survey design,
sample design, estimation strategies, and methods used to minimize
sources of nonsampling error, see JW Cohen (1997), SB Cohen
(1997), and SB Cohen (2003).
Estimates presented in the tables are rounded as follows:
- Percentages are rounded to the nearest 0.1 percentage point.
- Mean and median expenditures are rounded to the nearest
dollar.
- Total expenditures are rounded to the nearest million dollar
unit.
Some of the estimates for population totals of subgroups presented
in the tables will not add exactly to the overall estimated
population total as a consequence of rounding.
MEPS Expenditures
Methodology
Expenditure estimates in this report are
based on the sum of total payments for medical events in 2000
reported in the MEPS HC. The HC collected annual data on the
use of and associated expenditures for office- and hospital-based
care, emergency room services, home health care, dental services,
prescription medicines, and vision aids and other medical equipment
and services. In addition, the MEPS Medical Provider Component
(MPC) collected expenditure data from a sample of medical and
pharmaceutical providers that provided care and medicines to
sample people in 2000. Expenditure data collected in the MPC
are generally regarded as more accurate than comparable data
collected in the HC and were used to improve the overall quality
of MEPS expenditure data in this report. For a more detailed
description of the MPC, see Machlin and Taylor (2000).
Expenditure data were imputed to replace missing data, provide
estimates for care delivered under capitated reimbursement arrangements,
and adjust household-reported insurance payments because respondents
were often unaware that their insurer paid a discounted amount
to the provider. This section contains a general description
of the approaches used for these three situations. A more detailed
description of the editing and imputation procedures is provided
in the documentation for the MEPS event-level files, which are
available through the AHRQ Web site at http://www.meps.ahrq.gov/.
For more information on the approach used to impute missing
expenditure data on prescription medicines, see Moeller, Stagnitti,
Horan, et al. (2001). Expenditure estimates in this report
are based on the sum of total payments for medical events
in 2000 reported in the MEPS HC. The HC collected annual data
on the use of and associated expenditures for office- and
hospital-based care, emergency room services, home health
care, dental services, prescription medicines, and vision
aids and other medical equipment and services. In addition,
the MEPS Medical Provider Component (MPC) collected expenditure
data from a sample of medical and pharmaceutical providers
that provided care and medicines to sample people in 2000.
Expenditure data collected in the MPC are generally regarded
as more accurate than comparable data collected in the HC
and were used to improve the overall quality of MEPS expenditure
data in this report. For a more detailed description of the
MPC, see Machlin and Taylor (2000).
Expenditure data were imputed to
replace missing data, provide estimates for care delivered
under capitated reimbursement arrangements, and adjust household-reported
insurance payments because respondents were often unaware
that their insurer paid a discounted amount to the provider.
This section contains a general description of the approaches
used for these three situations. A more detailed description
of the editing and imputation procedures is provided in the
documentation for the MEPS event-level files, which are available
through the AHRQ Web site at http://www.meps.ahrq.gov/.
For more information on the approach used to impute missing
expenditure data on prescription medicines, see Moeller, Stagnitti,
Horan, et al. (2001).
Missing data on expenditures were
imputed using a weighted sequential hot-deck procedure for
most medical visits and services. In general, this procedure
imputes data from events with complete information to events
with missing information but similar characteristics. For
each event type, selected predictor variables with known values
(e.g., total charge; demographic characteristics; region;
provider type; and characteristics of the event of care, such
as whether it involved surgery) were used to form groups of
donor events with known data on expenditures, as well as identical
groups of recipient events with missing data. Within such
groups, data were assigned from donors to recipients, taking
into account the weights associated with the complex MEPS
survey design. Only MPC data were used as donors for hospital-based
events, while data from both the HC and MPC were used as donors
for office-based physician visits.
Because payments for medical care
provided under capitated reimbursement arrangements and through
public clinics and Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) hospitals
are not tied to particular medical events, expenditures for
events covered under those types of arrangements and settings
were also imputed. Events covered under capitated arrangements
were imputed from events covered under managed care arrangements
that were paid based on a discounted fee-for-service method,
while imputations for visits to public clinics and VA hospitals
were based on similar events that were paid on a fee-for-service
basis. As for other events, selected predictor variables were
used to form groups of donor and recipient events for the
imputations.
An adjustment also was applied
to some HC-reported expenditure data because an evaluation
of matched HC/MPC data showed that respondents who reported
that charges and payments were equal were often unaware that
insurance payments for the care had been based on a discounted
charge. To compensate for this systematic reporting error,
a weighted sequential hot-deck imputation procedure was implemented
to determine an adjustment factor for HC-reported insurance
payments when charges and payments were reported to be equal.
As for the other imputations, selected predictor variables
were used to form groups of donor and recipient events for
the imputation process.
In
some situations, it was reported that one charge covered
multiple
contacts between a sample
person and a medical provider (e.g., obstetrical services,
orthodontia). In these situations, total payments for the
fee (sometimes called a flat or global fee) were included
if the initial service was provided in 2000. For example,
all payments for an orthodontist’s fee that covered multiple
visits over 3 years were included if the initial visit occurred
in 2000. However, if a 2000 visit to an orthodontist was part
of a flat fee for which the initial visit occurred in 1999,
then none of the payments for the flat fee were included.
Most of the expenditures for medical care reported by MEPS
participants were associated with medical events that were
not part of a flat-fee arrangement.
Sample respondents sometimes reported
medical events for which no payments actually were made. This
situation could occur for several reasons, including when
free care or a free sample of medicine was provided, bad debt
was incurred, no charge was made for a followup visit (e.g.,
after a surgical procedure), or care was covered under a flat-fee
arrangement beginning in an earlier year. These types of events
were treated as valid $0 payments when developing the estimates
contained in this report.
Because
of methodological differences, caution should be used when
comparing the estimates in this
report with data from other sources. National health care
expenditures from MEPS, for example, are lower than the expenditures
for personal health care typically cited from the National
Health Accounts (NHA) of the Centers for Medicare & Medicaid
Services. The primary reasons for the differences are that
the NHA include a wider variety of expenses and also include
expenses for people who are not part of the community population.
A comparison of MEPS and NHA estimates for comparable expenditures
and population has been previously published (Selden, Levit,
Cohen, et al., 2001).
Table
A. Standard
errors for expenses by event type: United States,
2000
Corresponds to Table 1
|
|
Expenses
|
Payments
(in billions)
|
Percent
distribution
|
Event
Type
| All
Expenses |
Ambulatory
Expenses |
All
Expenses |
Ambulatory
Expenses |
Standard
Error
|
Totala |
31.1 |
NA |
NA |
NA |
Hospital
inpatientb |
16.7 |
NA |
1.4 |
NA |
Ambulatoryc |
10.2 |
NA |
0.8 |
NA |
Office-based
visits |
NA |
6.9 |
NA |
1 |
Hospital
outpatient visits |
NA |
3.4 |
NA |
1.1 |
Emergency
room visits |
NA |
1.3 |
NA |
0.4 |
Prescription
medicinesd |
4.9 |
NA |
0.5 |
NA |
Dentale |
2.9 |
NA |
0.4 |
NA |
Home
healthf |
3.8 |
NA |
0.6 |
NA |
Other
medicalg |
0.8 |
NA |
0.1 |
NA |
aTotal
includes inpatient hospital and physician services,
ambulatory physician and nonphysician services, prescribed
medicines, home health services, dental services,
and various other medical equipment, supplies, and
services that were purchased or rented during the
year. Over-the-counter medications, alternative care
services, and telephone contacts are excluded.
bHospital admissions that did not involve an overnight stay
are included. Expenses include room and board and all hospital diagnostic
and laboratory expenses associated with the basic facility charge, payments
for separately billed physician inpatient services, and emergency room
expenses incurred immediately prior to inpatient stays. Events for newborns
who left the hospital on the same day as the mother are treated as separate
events, but associated expenses are included in expense estimates.
cEvents and expenses for both physician
and nonphysician medical providers seen in office-based
settings or clinics, hospital outpatient departments,
emergency rooms (except visits resulting in an overnight
hospital stay), and clinics owned and operated by
hospitals are included.
dAll prescribed medicines initially purchased
or otherwise obtained during 2000, as well as refills
and free samples, are included.
eServices provided by general dentists, dental
hygienists, dental technicians, dental surgeons, orthodontists,
endodontists, and periodontists are included.
fExpenses for care provided by home health
agencies and independent home health providers are included.
Most home health expenses (87.5 percent) were for agency
providers.
gExpenses for eyeglasses, ambulance services,
orthopedic items, hearing devices, prostheses, bathroom
aids, medical equipment, disposable supplies, alterations/modifications,
and other miscellaneous items or services that were obtained,
purchased, or rented during the year are included.
NA—Not applicable.
Note: These estimates are for a target population of approximately 278.4
million persons who were in the civilian noninstitutionalized population
for all or part of 2000. Percents may not add to 100 because of rounding.
Source: Center for Financing, Access, and Cost Trends, Agency for Healthcare
Research and Quality: Medical Expenditure Panel Survey, 2000. |
Table
B. Standard errors for total health servicesa ―Median
and mean expenses per person with expenses
and distribution of expenses by source of payment: United States, 2000
Corresponds to Table 2 |
|
|
|
Expense
per person
with an expense
|
|
Percent
distribution
of total expenses by source of payment
|
Population
characteristic |
Population
(in
thousands) |
Percent
with expense |
Median |
Mean |
Total
expenses (in
millions) |
Out of pocket |
Private insuranceb |
Medicare |
Medicaid |
Otherc |
Standard
Error
|
Total |
† |
0.4 |
18 |
78 |
31,076 |
0.5 |
1.3 |
1 |
0.8 |
1 |
|
Age
in years |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Under
65 |
† |
0.5 |
15 |
70 |
25,977 |
0.6 |
1.4 |
0.8 |
1.1 |
1.3 |
Under
6 |
† |
1 |
14 |
170 |
3,962 |
1.6 |
7.8 |
0.1 |
8 |
1.7 |
6-17 |
† |
0.8 |
13 |
60 |
3,184 |
1.6 |
2.5 |
0 |
2.2 |
2 |
18-44 |
† |
0.6 |
16 |
83 |
11,862 |
0.9 |
2 |
2 |
1.9 |
1.4 |
45-64 |
† |
0.6 |
40 |
177 |
13,566 |
1 |
2.5 |
0.9 |
1 |
2.3 |
65
and over |
† |
0.5 |
84 |
271 |
10,625 |
0.9 |
1.2 |
1.6 |
0.7 |
1 |
Sex |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Male |
† |
0.6 |
19 |
127 |
18,854 |
0.8 |
1.8 |
1.7 |
1.1 |
1.9 |
Female |
† |
0.4 |
23 |
95 |
17,412 |
0.7 |
1.3 |
1 |
1 |
0.8 |
Race/ethnicity |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
White
and other |
† |
0.4 |
22 |
88 |
27,175 |
0.6 |
1.4 |
1.1 |
0.9 |
1.2 |
Black |
† |
1.2 |
26 |
283 |
10,353 |
1.4 |
2.6 |
3.2 |
2.6 |
2.5 |
Hispanic |
† |
1 |
19 |
107 |
4,373 |
1.2 |
2.7 |
2.2 |
1.9 |
0.9 |
Health
insurance statusd |
Under
age 65: |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Any
private |
8,688 |
0.5 |
17 |
67 |
19,664 |
0.6 |
1.1 |
0.3 |
0.3 |
0.8 |
Public
only |
1,863 |
1 |
40 |
279 |
8,155 |
1 |
0 |
4.1 |
3.8 |
1.4 |
Uninsured |
1,710 |
1.2 |
17 |
271 |
5,310 |
7.2 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
7.2 |
Age
65 and over: |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Medicare
only |
729 |
0.8 |
141 |
334 |
4,858 |
1.5 |
0 |
2.6 |
0 |
2.3 |
Medicare
and private |
971 |
0.6 |
107 |
368 |
8,668 |
1.2 |
2.1 |
2.2 |
0.3 |
1.2 |
Medicare
and other public |
280 |
1.2 |
421 |
855 |
3,866 |
1.4 |
0 |
4.3 |
3.3 |
1.9 |
Poverty
statuse |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Poor |
† |
1.1 |
43 |
246 |
8,456 |
1.1 |
2.2 |
3.9 |
3.2 |
1.9 |
Near-poor |
† |
1.9 |
65 |
273 |
3,081 |
1.8 |
1.5 |
4.5 |
4.7 |
1.6 |
Low
income |
† |
1 |
45 |
209 |
6,655 |
1.1 |
2.1 |
2.7 |
2.1 |
1.6 |
Middle
income |
† |
0.6 |
21 |
106 |
11,963 |
0.9 |
1.8 |
1.9 |
0.6 |
1.6 |
High
income |
† |
0.5 |
25 |
118 |
15,557 |
1 |
2.1 |
1.4 |
1 |
1.8 |
Metropolitan
statistical area (MSA) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
MSA |
† |
0.5 |
20 |
85 |
28,346 |
0.6 |
1.4 |
1.2 |
0.8 |
1.2 |
Non-MSA |
† |
0.7 |
44 |
197 |
12,959 |
1.2 |
2.9 |
2 |
1.6 |
0.9 |
Census
region |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Northeast |
† |
0.9 |
35 |
140 |
11,555 |
1.2 |
2.5 |
2 |
1.6 |
1.1 |
Midwest |
† |
0.8 |
53 |
167 |
13,592 |
1 |
2.8 |
2.9 |
1.5 |
3 |
South |
† |
0.6 |
21 |
131 |
17,216 |
1 |
2.6 |
1.4 |
1.4 |
1.7 |
West |
† |
0.9 |
36 |
133 |
15,525 |
0.9 |
2.4 |
2.2 |
1.8 |
0.9 |
Perceived
health status |
Excellent |
3,445 |
0.6 |
14 |
55 |
5,436 |
1.3 |
2.1 |
1.2 |
1 |
0.8 |
Very
good |
4,684 |
0.6 |
22 |
71 |
9,030 |
0.9 |
1.9 |
1.6 |
0.7 |
1.3 |
Good |
3,479 |
0.7 |
39 |
138 |
11,228 |
0.9 |
2 |
1.4 |
1.2 |
1.3 |
Fair |
1,105 |
0.6 |
168 |
557 |
12,732 |
1.3 |
2.3 |
2.9 |
2.5 |
1.5 |
Poor |
443 |
0.7 |
360 |
937 |
8,241 |
1.1 |
3.7 |
3.5 |
2.4 |
4.6 |
aInpatient
hospital and physician services, ambulatory physician
and nonphysician services, prescribed medicines,
home health services, dental services, and various
other medical equipment and services that were
purchased or rented during the year are included.
Over-the-counter medications, alternative care
services, and telephone contacts are excluded.
bPrivate
insurance includes TRICARE (Armed-Forces-related
coverage).
cOther
includes payments from the Department of Veterans
Affairs (except TRICARE); other Federal sources
(Indian Health Service, military treatment facilities,
and other care provided by the Federal Government);
various State and local sources (community and
neighborhood clinics, State and local health departments,
and State programs other than Medicaid); Workers’ Compensation;
various unclassified sources (e.g., automobile,
homeowner’s, or other liability insurance, and
other miscellaneous or unknown sources); Medicaid
payments reported for persons who were not reported
as enrolled in the Medicaid program at any time
during the year; and private insurance payments
reported for persons without any reported private
health insurance coverage during the year.
dUninsured
refers to persons uninsured during the entire
year. Public and private health insurance categories
refer to individuals with public or private insurance
at any time during the period; individuals with
both public and private insurance and those with
TRICARE (Armed-Forces-related coverage) are classified
as having private insurance.
ePoor—persons
in families with income less than 100 percent
of the poverty line, including those whose losses
exceeded their earnings, resulting in negative
income; near-poor—persons in families with income
from 100 percent to less than 125 percent of the
poverty line; low income—persons in families with
income from 125 percent to less than 200 percent
of the poverty line; middle income—persons in
families with income from 200 percent to less
than 400 percent of the poverty line; high income—persons
in families with income at or over 400 percent
of the poverty line.
†Standard
error approximately zero because of poststratification
to Census Bureau population control tables.
Note:
Restricted to civilian noninstitutionalized population.
Source:
Center for Financing, Access, and Cost Trends, Agency
for Healthcare Research and Quality: Medical Expenditure
Panel Survey, 2000. |
Table
C. Standard errors for hospital inpatient servicesa ―Median
and mean expenses per person with expenses and distribution of
expenses by source of payment: United States, 2000
Corresponds to Table 3 |
|
|
|
Expense
per person
with an expense
|
|
Percent
distribution of total
expenses by source of payment
|
Population
characteristic |
Population
(in
thousands) |
Percent with expense |
Median |
Mean |
Total
expenses (in millions) |
Out of pocket |
Private insuranceb |
Medicare |
Medicaid |
Otherc |
Total |
† |
0.2 |
203 |
544 |
16,747 |
0.2 |
2.5 |
2.1 |
1.3 |
2.2 |
|
Age
in years |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Under
65 |
† |
0.2 |
167 |
608 |
12,974 |
0.3 |
3.4 |
1.7 |
2.2 |
3.4 |
Under
6 |
† |
0.6 |
659 |
2,012 |
2,730 |
1.7 |
11.5 |
0.1 |
8.8 |
3.5 |
6-17 |
† |
0.3 |
— |
— |
— |
— |
— |
— |
— |
— |
18-44 |
† |
0.3 |
147 |
577 |
6,256 |
0.7 |
4.8 |
4.8 |
3.9 |
3.2 |
45-64 |
† |
0.4 |
582 |
1,333 |
8,722 |
0.3 |
6.1 |
2.3 |
2.4 |
5.9 |
65
and over |
† |
0.9 |
797 |
947 |
7,770 |
0.3 |
2.5 |
2.5 |
0.3 |
1.7 |
Sex |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Male |
† |
0.3 |
469 |
1,125 |
11,999 |
0.3 |
3.8 |
3.4 |
2.1 |
3.8 |
Female |
† |
0.3 |
184 |
504 |
9,421 |
0.3 |
2.9 |
2.2 |
1.2 |
1.6 |
Race/ethnicity |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
White
and other |
† |
0.3 |
259 |
637 |
13,661 |
0.2 |
3 |
2.5 |
1.6 |
2.6 |
Black |
† |
0.5 |
564 |
2,099 |
7,589 |
0.5 |
4.4 |
4.8 |
3.9 |
4.5 |
Hispanic |
† |
0.4 |
381 |
834 |
2,315 |
1.2 |
5.7 |
5.1 |
3.2 |
1.6 |
Health
insurance statusd |
Under
age 65: |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Any
private |
8,688 |
0.2 |
266 |
660 |
9,204 |
0.4 |
2.4 |
0.8 |
1 |
2 |
Public
only |
1,863 |
0.8 |
278 |
1,180 |
5,036 |
0.6 |
0 |
7.3 |
6.8 |
2.2 |
Uninsured |
1,710 |
0.4 |
721 |
3,824 |
4,498 |
3.7 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
3.7 |
Age
65 and over: |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Medicare
only |
729 |
1.4 |
1,449 |
1,205 |
3,243 |
0.6 |
0 |
3.5 |
0 |
3.5 |
Medicare
and private |
971 |
1.1 |
949 |
1,505 |
6,533 |
0.3 |
4.2 |
3.8 |
0 |
2.1 |
Medicare
and other public |
280 |
3 |
— |
— |
— |
— |
— |
— |
— |
— |
Poverty
statuse |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Poor |
† |
0.7 |
366 |
1,261 |
5,969 |
0.6 |
3.9 |
6.4 |
5.5 |
3.4 |
Near-poor |
† |
1.1 |
450 |
1,316 |
1,893 |
0.6 |
2.4 |
6.9 |
7.4 |
3.8 |
Low
income |
† |
0.6 |
304 |
917 |
4,191 |
0.6 |
4.3 |
5.1 |
2.1 |
3.1 |
Middle
income |
† |
0.3 |
362 |
856 |
7,141 |
0.4 |
4.2 |
3.9 |
0.8 |
3.1 |
High
income |
† |
0.3 |
444 |
1,117 |
9,271 |
0.4 |
5.5 |
4.2 |
0.5 |
5.4 |
Metropolitan
statistical area (MSA) |
MSA |
† |
0.2 |
248 |
626 |
15,528 |
0.3 |
2.9 |
2.5 |
1.6 |
2.7 |
Non-MSA |
† |
0.5 |
407 |
965 |
6,120 |
0.4 |
5 |
4 |
1.2 |
1.8 |
Census
region |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Northeast |
† |
0.5 |
426 |
1,370 |
6,729 |
0.7 |
5.5 |
5.6 |
3.5 |
2.3 |
Midwest |
† |
0.6 |
511 |
1,162 |
8,089 |
0.2 |
5.7 |
5.8 |
3.4 |
6.3 |
South |
† |
0.3 |
262 |
754 |
10,423 |
0.4 |
4.7 |
3.1 |
1.6 |
3.2 |
West |
† |
0.4 |
400 |
1,012 |
4,633 |
0.7 |
3.9 |
3.5 |
2.7 |
1.5 |
Perceived
health status |
Excellent |
3,445 |
0.3 |
335 |
819 |
3,187 |
1.6 |
6.2 |
4.3 |
2.4 |
2.3 |
Very
good |
4,684 |
0.3 |
349 |
758 |
4,375 |
0.6 |
5.5 |
4.9 |
1.7 |
2.2 |
Good |
3,479 |
0.4 |
330 |
783 |
5,769 |
0.4 |
3.9 |
2.9 |
2.3 |
3 |
Fair |
1,105 |
1.1 |
768 |
1,752 |
9,778 |
0.2 |
4.3 |
4.2 |
3.2 |
2.6 |
Poor |
443 |
2.1 |
1,212 |
2,269 |
7,013 |
0.3 |
6 |
6.3 |
3.5 |
7.4 |
aRoom
and board and all hospital diagnostic and laboratory expenses
associated with the basic facility charge, payments for
separately billed physician inpatient services, and emergency
room expenses incurred immediately prior to inpatient stays
are included. Expenses for newborns who left the hospital
on the same day as the mother are included in the mother’s
record.
bPrivate
insurance includes TRICARE (Armed-Forces-related coverage).
cOther
includes payments from the Department of Veterans Affairs
(except TRICARE); other Federal sources (Indian Health
Service, military treatment facilities, and other care
provided by the Federal Government); various State and
local sources (community and neighborhood clinics, State
and local health departments, and State programs other
than Medicaid); Workers’ Compensation; various unclassified
sources (e.g., automobile, homeowner’s, or other liability
insurance, and other miscellaneous or unknown sources);
Medicaid payments reported for persons who were not reported
as enrolled in the Medicaid program at any time during
the year; and private insurance payments reported for persons
without any reported private health insurance coverage
during the year.
dUninsured
refers to persons uninsured during the entire year. Public
and private health insurance categories refer to individuals
with public or private insurance at any time during the
period; individuals with both public and private insurance
and those with TRICARE (Armed-Forces-related coverage)
are classified as having private insurance.
ePoor—persons
in families with income less than 100 percent of the poverty
line, including those whose losses exceeded their earnings,
resulting in negative income; near-poor—persons in families
with income from 100 percent to less than 125 percent of
the poverty line; low income—persons in families with income
from 125 percent to less than 200 percent of the poverty
line; middle income—persons in families with income from
200 percent to less than 400 percent of the poverty line;
high income—persons in families with income at or over
400 percent of the poverty line.
†Standard
error approximately zero because of poststratification
to Census Bureau population control tables.
—Less
than 100 sample cases.
Note:
Restricted to civilian noninstitutionalized population.
Source:
Center for Financing, Access, and Cost Trends, Agency for
Healthcare Research and Quality: Medical Expenditure Panel
Survey, 2000. |
|
Table
D. Standard
errors for office-based medical provider servicesa ―Median
and mean expenses per person with expenses and
distribution of expenses by source of payment:
United States, 2000
Corresponds to Table 4 |
|
|
|
Expense
per person
with an expense
|
|
Percent
distribution of
total expenses by source of payment
|
Population
characteristic |
Population
(in thousands) |
Percent with expense |
Median |
Mean |
Total
expenses
(in
millions) |
Out of pocket |
Private insuranceb |
Medicare |
Medicaid |
Otherc |
Standard
Error
|
Total |
† |
0.5 |
5 |
16 |
6,871 |
0.6 |
1.3 |
0.9 |
0.4 |
0.9 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Age
in years |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Under
65 |
† |
0.6 |
5 |
17 |
5,936 |
0.8 |
1.4 |
0.5 |
0.5 |
1.1 |
Under
6 |
† |
1.2 |
7 |
20 |
581 |
1.5 |
2.9 |
0.1 |
1.6 |
1.5 |
6-17 |
† |
1.1 |
4 |
13 |
558 |
1.2 |
1.8 |
0 |
1.6 |
0.9 |
18-44 |
† |
0.8 |
6 |
20 |
2,736 |
1.2 |
1.4 |
0.4 |
0.8 |
1.3 |
45-64 |
† |
0.8 |
13 |
39 |
2,889 |
1.1 |
2.4 |
1.1 |
0.5 |
2.1 |
65
and over |
† |
0.7 |
20 |
48 |
1,845 |
0.9 |
1 |
1.3 |
0.7 |
0.9 |
Sex |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Male |
† |
0.7 |
5 |
23 |
3,614 |
0.8 |
1.7 |
1.3 |
0.5 |
1.2 |
Female |
† |
0.6 |
8 |
19 |
3,775 |
0.8 |
1.5 |
1.1 |
0.5 |
1.3 |
Race/ethnicity |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
White
and other |
† |
0.6 |
6 |
19 |
6,724 |
0.8 |
1.4 |
0.9 |
0.5 |
1 |
Black |
† |
1.3 |
6 |
41 |
1,228 |
1.6 |
3.8 |
3.6 |
1.8 |
2.4 |
Hispanic |
† |
1.2 |
7 |
27 |
847 |
1.6 |
2.1 |
1.6 |
1.3 |
1.1 |
Health
insurance statusd |
Under
age 65: |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Any
private |
8,688 |
0.6 |
6 |
20 |
5,191 |
0.9 |
1.2 |
0.3 |
0.1 |
0.8 |
Public
only |
1,863 |
1.4 |
8 |
45 |
1,125 |
0.8 |
0 |
3.3 |
4.8 |
6.6 |
Uninsured |
1,710 |
1.2 |
7 |
39 |
586 |
3.8 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
3.8 |
Age
65 and over: |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Medicare
only |
729 |
1.3 |
22 |
61 |
790 |
1.1 |
0 |
2.5 |
0 |
2.1 |
Medicare
and private |
971 |
0.9 |
32 |
64 |
1,408 |
1.3 |
1.4 |
1.6 |
0.1 |
1.1 |
Medicare
and other public |
280 |
2.1 |
51 |
233 |
829 |
2.3 |
0 |
2.1 |
2.6 |
1.9 |
Poverty
statuse |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Poor |
† |
1.3 |
9 |
35 |
1,081 |
1 |
2.8 |
2.1 |
2.7 |
1.9 |
Near-poor |
† |
2.2 |
19 |
47 |
455 |
1.8 |
3.5 |
4.1 |
3 |
2.1 |
Low
income |
† |
1.3 |
13 |
45 |
1,277 |
1 |
2.5 |
3.4 |
1.4 |
1.8 |
Middle
income |
† |
0.8 |
7 |
24 |
2,803 |
0.8 |
1.9 |
1.6 |
0.2 |
2.4 |
High
income |
† |
0.7 |
8 |
27 |
3,672 |
1.1 |
1.7 |
0.8 |
0.2 |
0.7 |
Metropolitan
statistical area (MSA) |
MSA |
† |
0.6 |
6 |
17 |
6,372 |
0.7 |
1.4 |
1 |
0.4 |
1 |
Non-MSA |
† |
1 |
9 |
43 |
2,733 |
1.3 |
3.2 |
2.3 |
0.9 |
1.7 |
Census
region |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Northeast |
† |
1 |
9 |
33 |
2,001 |
1.1 |
2.4 |
1.4 |
1.2 |
1.5 |
Midwest |
† |
1.2 |
11 |
28 |
2,489 |
1.3 |
2.4 |
1.9 |
0.9 |
2.8 |
South |
† |
0.8 |
8 |
32 |
3,374 |
1 |
1.8 |
1.2 |
0.6 |
1.1 |
West |
† |
1.3 |
12 |
27 |
4,954 |
1.2 |
3.3 |
2.5 |
0.7 |
1.5 |
Perceived
health status |
Excellent |
3,445 |
0.9 |
5 |
20 |
1,699 |
1.5 |
1.8 |
0.8 |
0.6 |
1.2 |
Very
good |
4,684 |
0.8 |
8 |
22 |
2,644 |
1.1 |
2 |
0.9 |
0.4 |
2.4 |
Good |
3,479 |
0.9 |
10 |
34 |
2,615 |
1 |
2.3 |
1.5 |
0.7 |
1 |
Fair |
1,105 |
0.9 |
31 |
53 |
1,184 |
0.8 |
2.3 |
2.2 |
1.4 |
1.8 |
Poor |
443 |
1.3 |
51 |
128 |
1,017 |
1.6 |
2.8 |
4.1 |
1.4 |
2.3 |
aExpenses
for visits to medical providers seen in
office-based settings are included.
bPrivate
insurance includes TRICARE (Armed-Forces-related
coverage).
cOther
includes payments from the Department of
Veterans Affairs (except TRICARE); other
Federal sources (Indian Health Service,
military treatment facilities, and other
care provided by the Federal Government);
various State and local sources (community
and neighborhood clinics, State and local
health departments, and State programs other
than Medicaid); Workers’ Compensation; various
unclassified sources (e.g., automobile,
homeowner’s, or other liability insurance,
and other miscellaneous or unknown sources);
Medicaid payments reported for persons who
were not reported as enrolled in the Medicaid
program at any time during the year; and
private insurance payments reported for
persons without any reported private health
insurance coverage during the year.
dUninsured
refers to persons uninsured during the entire
year. Public and private health insurance
categories refer to individuals with public
or private insurance at any time during
the period; individuals with both public
and private insurance and those with TRICARE
(Armed-Forces-related coverage) are classified
as having private insurance.
ePoor—persons
in families with income less than 100 percent
of the poverty line, including those whose
losses exceeded their earnings, resulting
in negative income; near-poor—persons in
families with income from 100 percent to
less than 125 percent of the poverty line;
low income—persons in families with income
from 125 percent to less than 200 percent
of the poverty line; middle income—persons
in families with income from 200 percent
to less than 400 percent of the poverty
line; high income—persons in families with
income at or over 400 percent of the poverty
line.
†Standard
error approximately zero because of poststratification
to Census Bureau population control tables.
Note:
Restricted to civilian noninstitutionalized
population.
Source:
Center for Financing, Access, and Cost Trends,
Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality:
Medical Expenditure Panel Survey, 2000. |
|
Table
E. Standard
errors for hospital outpatient servicesa ―Median
and mean expenses per person with expenses and
distribution of expenses by source of payment:
United States, 2000
Corresponds to Table 5 |
|
|
|
Expense
per person
with an expense
|
|
Percent
distribution of
total expenses by source of payment
|
Population
characteristic |
Population
(in
thousands) |
Percent with expense |
Median |
Mean |
Total
expenses
(in millions) |
Out of pocket |
Private insuranceb |
Medicare |
Medicaid |
Otherc |
Standard
Error
|
Total |
† |
0.5 |
28 |
67 |
3,396 |
0.9 |
2.2 |
2.1 |
0.7 |
1.8 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Age
in years |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Under
65 |
† |
0.4 |
37 |
69 |
2,523 |
1.2 |
2.1 |
1.9 |
0.9 |
1.6 |
Under
6 |
† |
0.6 |
91 |
164 |
311 |
1.2 |
6.9 |
1 |
5.6 |
2.2 |
6-17 |
† |
0.4 |
73 |
173 |
523 |
1.8 |
6.9 |
0.2 |
5.7 |
2.8 |
18-44 |
† |
0.5 |
56 |
132 |
1,610 |
2.4 |
2.7 |
2.3 |
0.9 |
3 |
45-64 |
† |
0.9 |
55 |
92 |
1,377 |
1.2 |
3.2 |
2.2 |
1.2 |
1.4 |
65
and over |
† |
1.3 |
61 |
181 |
1,985 |
1.2 |
2.5 |
3.4 |
0.9 |
4.5 |
Sex |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Male |
† |
0.5 |
48 |
143 |
2,411 |
1.6 |
3.6 |
2.5 |
1.1 |
3.5 |
Female |
† |
0.6 |
31 |
60 |
1,940 |
0.9 |
2.4 |
2.6 |
0.7 |
1.6 |
Race/ethnicity |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
White
and other |
† |
0.6 |
31 |
72 |
3,166 |
1 |
2.5 |
2.4 |
0.4 |
2.1 |
Black |
† |
0.8 |
78 |
223 |
815 |
4 |
7.3 |
3.9 |
4.6 |
3.5 |
Hispanic |
† |
0.6 |
70 |
166 |
564 |
0.8 |
5.5 |
5.3 |
4.9 |
3.9 |
Health
insurance statusd |
Under
age 65: |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Any
private |
8,688 |
0.4 |
49 |
76 |
2,275 |
1.5 |
2 |
0.3 |
0.3 |
1.6 |
Public
only |
1,863 |
0.9 |
52 |
216 |
825 |
1.4 |
0 |
10.4 |
8.4 |
3.5 |
Uninsured |
1,710 |
0.5 |
125 |
183 |
343 |
4.9 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
4.9 |
Age
65 and over: |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Medicare
only |
729 |
2 |
83 |
481 |
1,358 |
1.3 |
0 |
10.4 |
0 |
10.9 |
Medicare
and private |
971 |
1.7 |
90 |
170 |
1,389 |
1.3 |
2.3 |
2.7 |
0.2 |
1.5 |
Medicare
and other public |
280 |
2.6 |
— |
— |
— |
— |
— |
— |
— |
— |
Poverty
statuse |
Poor |
† |
0.7 |
68 |
111 |
470 |
2 |
3.6 |
3.3 |
4.7 |
2.8 |
Near-poor |
† |
1.5 |
126 |
445 |
792 |
2 |
4 |
14.3 |
7.8 |
5.4 |
Low
income |
† |
1 |
59 |
198 |
1,031 |
2.2 |
5.3 |
4.4 |
2.1 |
2.8 |
Middle
income |
† |
0.6 |
57 |
133 |
1,782 |
1.1 |
4.2 |
3.2 |
0.6 |
4.4 |
High
income |
† |
0.6 |
42 |
94 |
2,042 |
1.8 |
2.7 |
2.1 |
0.3 |
1.3 |
Metropolitan
statistical area (MSA) |
MSA |
† |
0.5 |
33 |
77 |
2,888 |
1.1 |
2.4 |
1.9 |
0.7 |
2.3 |
Non-MSA |
† |
0.9 |
54 |
133 |
1,785 |
0.9 |
5.2 |
6.5 |
1.7 |
2.4 |
Census
region |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Northeast |
† |
1 |
51 |
110 |
1,343 |
0.5 |
4.6 |
6.6 |
0.8 |
2.7 |
Midwest |
† |
1.1 |
39 |
147 |
2,023 |
1.6 |
4.8 |
3.4 |
0.5 |
4.8 |
South |
† |
0.7 |
69 |
100 |
1,637 |
1.3 |
3.3 |
1.9 |
1.5 |
2.5 |
West |
† |
0.7 |
78 |
194 |
1,731 |
3 |
4.6 |
5.1 |
2 |
1.9 |
Perceived
health status |
Excellent |
3,445 |
0.4 |
46 |
80 |
645 |
1.2 |
3.9 |
2.3 |
0.8 |
2.3 |
Very
good |
4,684 |
0.6 |
39 |
82 |
1,182 |
1.9 |
3.4 |
2 |
1.2 |
2.4 |
Good |
3,479 |
0.8 |
46 |
138 |
1,762 |
0.8 |
4.6 |
3.3 |
1.3 |
4.9 |
Fair |
1,105 |
1.4 |
76 |
179 |
1,162 |
1.3 |
4.5 |
4.6 |
2 |
2.7 |
Poor |
443 |
2.2 |
177 |
468 |
1,226 |
4.8 |
6.1 |
7.3 |
0.9 |
2.1 |
aExpenses
for visits to medical providers seen in hospital
outpatient departments are included.
bPrivate
insurance includes TRICARE (Armed-Forces-related
coverage).
cOther
includes payments from the Department of Veterans
Affairs (except TRICARE); other Federal sources
(Indian Health Service, military treatment facilities,
and other care provided by the Federal Government);
various State and local sources (community and
neighborhood clinics, State and local health departments,
and State programs other than Medicaid); Workers’ Compensation;
various unclassified sources (e.g., automobile,
homeowner’s, or other liability insurance, and
other miscellaneous or unknown sources); Medicaid
payments reported for persons who were not reported
as enrolled in the Medicaid program at any time
during the year; and private insurance payments
reported for persons without any reported private
health insurance coverage during the year.
dUninsured
refers to persons uninsured during the entire
year. Public and private health insurance categories
refer to individuals with public or private insurance
at any time during the period; individuals with
both public and private insurance and those with
TRICARE (Armed-Forces-related coverage) are classified
as having private insurance.
ePoor—persons
in families with income less than 100 percent
of the poverty line, including those whose losses
exceeded their earnings, resulting in negative
income; near-poor—persons in families with income
from 100 percent to less than 125 percent of the
poverty line; low income—persons in families with
income from 125 percent to less than 200 percent
of the poverty line; middle income—persons in
families with income from 200 percent to less
than 400 percent of the poverty line; high income—persons
in families with income at or over 400 percent
of the poverty line.
†Standard
error approximately zero because of poststratification
to Census Bureau population control tables.
—Less
than 100 sample cases.
Note:
Restricted to civilian noninstitutionalized population.
Source:
Center for Financing, Access, and Cost Trends, Agency
for Healthcare Research and Quality: Medical Expenditure
Panel Survey, 2000. |
Table
F. Standard
errors for emergency room servicesa ―Median
and mean expenses per person with expenses and
distribution of expenses by source of payment:
United States, 2000
Corresponds to Table 6 |
|
|
|
Expense
per person
with an expense
|
|
Percent
distribution of total expenses
by source of payment
|
Population
characteristic |
Population
(in thousands) |
Percent with expense |
Median |
Mean |
Total expenses
(in millions) |
Out of pocket |
Private insuranceb |
Medicare |
Medicaid |
Otherc |
Standard
Error
|
Total |
† |
0.3 |
10 |
22 |
1,263 |
0.9 |
2.1 |
1.7 |
0.8 |
2.2 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Age
in years |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Under
65 |
† |
0.3 |
10 |
23 |
1,086 |
1.1 |
2.2 |
0.7 |
1.1 |
2.7 |
Under
6 |
† |
0.9 |
17 |
52 |
198 |
2.5 |
5.7 |
0.2 |
4.9 |
2.7 |
6-17 |
† |
0.6 |
22 |
58 |
335 |
1.7 |
7.8 |
0.4 |
3.3 |
10.3 |
18-44 |
† |
0.4 |
18 |
31 |
649 |
1.9 |
2.9 |
0.5 |
1.7 |
2.7 |
45-64 |
† |
0.5 |
32 |
41 |
368 |
1.7 |
4.1 |
2 |
0.9 |
3.8 |
65
and over |
† |
1 |
27 |
62 |
468 |
0.9 |
2.3 |
3.2 |
0.5 |
3.3 |
Sex |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Male |
† |
0.3 |
14 |
36 |
739 |
1.1 |
3 |
1.9 |
1.2 |
3.9 |
Female |
† |
0.4 |
12 |
27 |
776 |
1.2 |
2.6 |
2.6 |
1.1 |
1.1 |
Race/ethnicity |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
White
and other |
† |
0.3 |
11 |
26 |
1,151 |
0.9 |
2.6 |
2.1 |
1 |
2.6 |
Black |
† |
0.7 |
20 |
50 |
333 |
1.9 |
4.2 |
3.5 |
2.1 |
6.3 |
Hispanic |
† |
0.5 |
17 |
59 |
271 |
3.9 |
5.8 |
4.4 |
2.9 |
2.5 |
Health
insurance statusd |
Under
age 65: |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Any
private |
8,688 |
0.3 |
15 |
23 |
872 |
0.9 |
1.9 |
0.3 |
0.8 |
1.9 |
Public
only |
1,863 |
1 |
14 |
32 |
245 |
1.5 |
0 |
3.9 |
4.4 |
3.7 |
Uninsured |
1,710 |
0.8 |
31 |
120 |
346 |
9.3 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
9.3 |
Age
65 and over: |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Medicare
only |
729 |
1.3 |
46 |
129 |
265 |
1.6 |
0 |
8.5 |
0 |
8.7 |
Medicare
and private |
971 |
1.2 |
33 |
77 |
317 |
1.4 |
3.3 |
2.8 |
0.3 |
1.7 |
Medicare
and other public |
280 |
2.7 |
— |
— |
— |
— |
— |
— |
— |
— |
Poverty
statuse |
Poor |
† |
0.8 |
18 |
58 |
370 |
1.8 |
5.3 |
5.7 |
4.1 |
4.9 |
Near-poor |
† |
1.4 |
36 |
82 |
192 |
2.5 |
7.2 |
7.4 |
4.5 |
8.1 |
Low
income |
† |
0.7 |
19 |
66 |
420 |
3.7 |
4 |
4.6 |
1.6 |
7.7 |
Middle
income |
† |
0.5 |
21 |
32 |
659 |
1.4 |
2.9 |
3 |
0.6 |
2.6 |
High
income |
† |
0.4 |
24 |
30 |
414 |
1.1 |
2.7 |
2.1 |
1.3 |
0.9 |
Metropolitan
statistical area (MSA) |
MSA |
† |
0.3 |
11 |
25 |
1,180 |
1 |
2.4 |
1.9 |
0.9 |
2.6 |
Non-MSA |
† |
0.8 |
24 |
41 |
421 |
1.8 |
4.4 |
4.4 |
1.9 |
3.1 |
Census
region |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Northeast |
† |
0.8 |
22 |
38 |
392 |
1.5 |
3.9 |
3.1 |
2.2 |
3.1 |
Midwest |
† |
0.6 |
19 |
55 |
600 |
0.9 |
4.4 |
3.3 |
2.1 |
5.6 |
South |
† |
0.5 |
14 |
38 |
754 |
2.1 |
3.1 |
2.6 |
1.1 |
3.1 |
West |
† |
0.6 |
26 |
41 |
694 |
1.3 |
5.6 |
5.1 |
1.2 |
2.4 |
Perceived
health status |
Excellent |
3,445 |
0.4 |
18 |
43 |
420 |
1.4 |
4 |
1.1 |
2.1 |
4.1 |
Very
good |
4,684 |
0.4 |
18 |
46 |
572 |
1.6 |
5.1 |
1.7 |
1.7 |
6.3 |
Good |
3,479 |
0.5 |
23 |
46 |
570 |
2 |
2.9 |
3.3 |
1.4 |
1.9 |
Fair |
1,105 |
1.2 |
32 |
60 |
305 |
2.1 |
4.2 |
4.7 |
2 |
1.7 |
Poor |
443 |
2 |
43 |
85 |
260 |
1.9 |
4 |
6.4 |
2.4 |
4.8 |
aExpenses
for visits to medical providers seen in emergency
rooms (except visits resulting in an overnight hospital
stay) are included.
bPrivate
insurance includes TRICARE (Armed-Forces-related
coverage).
cOther
includes payments from the Department of Veterans
Affairs (except TRICARE); other Federal sources
(Indian Health Service, military treatment facilities,
and other care provided by the Federal Government);
various State and local sources (community and neighborhood
clinics, State and local health departments, and
State programs other than Medicaid); Workers’ Compensation;
various unclassified sources (e.g., automobile,
homeowner’s, or other liability insurance, and other
miscellaneous or unknown sources); Medicaid payments
reported for persons who were not reported as enrolled
in the Medicaid program at any time during the year;
and private insurance payments reported for persons
without any reported private health insurance coverage
during the year.
dUninsured
refers to persons uninsured during the entire year.
Public and private health insurance categories refer
to individuals with public or private insurance
at any time during the period; individuals with
both public and private insurance and those with
TRICARE (Armed-Forces-related coverage) are classified
as having private insurance.
ePoor—persons
in families with income less than 100 percent of
the poverty line, including those whose losses exceeded
their earnings, resulting in negative income; nearpoor— persons
in families with income from 100 percent to less
than 125 percent of the poverty line; low income—persons
in families with income from 125 percent to less
than 200 percent of the poverty line; middle income—persons
in families with income from 200 percent to less
than 400 percent of the poverty line; high income—persons
in families with income at or over 400 percent of
the poverty line. —Less than 100 sample cases.
†Standard
error approximately zero because of poststratification
to Census Bureau population control tables.
Note:
Restricted to civilian noninstitutionalized population.
Source:
Center for Financing, Access, and Cost Trends, Agency
for Healthcare Research and Quality: Medical Expenditure
Panel Survey, 2000. |
Table
G. Standard
errors for prescription medicinesa ―Median
and mean expenses per person with expenses and
distribution of expenses by source of payment:
United States, 2000
Corresponds to Table 7 |
|
|
|
Expense per person
with an expense
|
|
Percent
distribution of total expenses
by source of payment
|
Population
characteristic |
Population
(in thousands) |
Percent with expense |
Median |
Mean |
Total expenses
(in millions) |
Out of pocket |
Private insuranceb |
Medicare |
Medicaid |
Otherc |
Standard
Error
|
Total |
† |
0.5 |
5 |
12 |
4,936 |
0.8 |
1 |
0.5 |
0.9 |
0.4 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Age
in years |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Under
65 |
† |
0.6 |
3 |
12 |
4,061 |
0.9 |
1.2 |
0.3 |
1.1 |
0.4 |
Under
6 |
† |
1.4 |
3 |
7 |
118 |
2.7 |
3.4 |
0.1 |
3.9 |
0.8 |
6-17 |
† |
1 |
4 |
20 |
492 |
2.9 |
4.3 |
0.1 |
3.6 |
1.9 |
18-44 |
† |
0.7 |
4 |
16 |
1,749 |
1.4 |
2.1 |
0.1 |
2.5 |
0.2 |
45-64 |
† |
0.9 |
20 |
30 |
2,431 |
1.4 |
1.5 |
0.4 |
1.1 |
0.6 |
65
and over |
† |
0.7 |
26 |
31 |
1,551 |
1.4 |
1.3 |
1.1 |
1 |
0.7 |
Sex |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Male |
† |
0.7 |
7 |
16 |
2,555 |
1 |
1.4 |
0.5 |
1.5 |
0.8 |
Female |
† |
0.7 |
7 |
18 |
2,921 |
1.1 |
1.3 |
0.6 |
1 |
0.1 |
Race/ethnicity |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
White
and other |
† |
0.6 |
7 |
14 |
4,662 |
0.9 |
1.1 |
0.6 |
0.9 |
0.4 |
Black |
† |
1.3 |
9 |
31 |
895 |
2.3 |
2.1 |
1.1 |
3.3 |
1.8 |
Hispanic |
† |
1.1 |
5 |
25 |
739 |
2.3 |
1.9 |
1 |
3.1 |
0.9 |
Health
insurance statusd |
Under
age 65: |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Any
private |
8,688 |
0.7 |
4 |
14 |
3,103 |
1 |
1 |
0.2 |
0.6 |
0.3 |
Public
only |
1,863 |
1.5 |
12 |
48 |
1,443 |
2.5 |
0 |
1 |
2.4 |
1.2 |
Uninsured |
1,710 |
1 |
6 |
28 |
445 |
2.2 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
2.2 |
Age
65 and over: |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Medicare
only |
729 |
1.3 |
49 |
51 |
861 |
2.4 |
0 |
2.4 |
0 |
1.7 |
Medicare
and private |
971 |
0.9 |
32 |
42 |
1,201 |
1.7 |
1.6 |
1.2 |
0.5 |
0.6 |
Medicare
and other public |
280 |
2.1 |
89 |
121 |
520 |
3.1 |
0 |
1.5 |
3.7 |
1.3 |
Poverty
statuse |
Poor |
† |
1.2 |
17 |
41 |
1,212 |
2.5 |
1.6 |
0.9 |
3 |
0.7 |
Near-poor |
† |
2 |
39 |
68 |
627 |
3.5 |
1.5 |
1.5 |
3.4 |
1 |
Low
income |
† |
1.3 |
17 |
41 |
1,087 |
2.4 |
1.9 |
1 |
3.1 |
1.2 |
Middle
income |
† |
0.8 |
8 |
17 |
1,709 |
1.2 |
1.3 |
1 |
1.1 |
0.7 |
High
income |
† |
0.8 |
8 |
20 |
2,321 |
1.2 |
1.3 |
0.5 |
0.3 |
0.5 |
Metropolitan
statistical area (MSA) |
MSA |
† |
0.6 |
6 |
13 |
4,517 |
0.9 |
1.1 |
0.6 |
1.1 |
0.4 |
Non-MSA |
† |
1.1 |
15 |
29 |
2,008 |
1.7 |
1.9 |
0.5 |
1.3 |
0.9 |
Census
region |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Northeast |
† |
1.2 |
11 |
28 |
1,597 |
2.2 |
2.5 |
1.3 |
1.7 |
0.7 |
Midwest |
† |
1.4 |
14 |
28 |
2,339 |
1.8 |
2.4 |
0.7 |
2.1 |
0.5 |
South |
† |
0.8 |
10 |
19 |
2,488 |
1.1 |
1.5 |
0.2 |
1.5 |
0.5 |
West |
† |
1.3 |
8 |
19 |
3,051 |
1.4 |
1.8 |
2.5 |
1.3 |
1.1 |
Perceived
health status |
Excellent |
3,445 |
0.9 |
3 |
11 |
700 |
1.8 |
2.1 |
0.5 |
2.7 |
0.5 |
Very
good |
4,684 |
0.7 |
7 |
13 |
1,582 |
1 |
1.4 |
0.7 |
1.2 |
0.4 |
Good |
3,479 |
0.9 |
16 |
23 |
1,781 |
1.3 |
1.3 |
0.8 |
1.2 |
0.6 |
Fair |
1,105 |
0.9 |
50 |
64 |
1,709 |
2.1 |
2.3 |
1 |
1.8 |
0.7 |
Poor |
443 |
1.2 |
94 |
79 |
901 |
2.5 |
2.1 |
1.2 |
2.4 |
2 |
aExpenses
for all prescribed medicines initially purchased or
otherwise obtained during the year, as well as any
refills, are included. Free samples are included in
the estimate of percent of persons with any expense.
bPrivate
insurance includes TRICARE (Armed-Forces-related
coverage).
cOther
includes payments from the Department of Veterans
Affairs (except TRICARE); other Federal sources
(Indian Health Service, military treatment facilities,
and other care provided by the Federal Government);
various State and local sources (community and
neighborhood clinics, State and local health departments,
and State programs other than Medicaid); Workers’ Compensation;
various unclassified sources (e.g., automobile,
homeowner’s, or other liability insurance, and
other miscellaneous or unknown sources); Medicaid
payments reported for persons who were not reported
as enrolled in the Medicaid program at any time
during the year; and private insurance payments
reported for persons without any reported private
health insurance coverage during the year.
dUninsured
refers to persons uninsured during the entire
year. Public and private health insurance categories
refer to individuals with public or private insurance
at any time during the period; individuals with
both public and private insurance and those with
TRICARE (Armed-Forces-related coverage) are classified
as having private insurance.
ePoor—persons
in families with income less than 100 percent
of the poverty line, including those whose losses
exceeded their earnings, resulting in negative
income; nearpoor— persons in families with income
from 100 percent to less than 125 percent of the
poverty line; low income—persons in families with
income from 125 percent to less than 200 percent
of the poverty line; middle income—persons in
families with income from 200 percent to less
than 400 percent of the poverty line; high income—persons
in families with income at or over 400 percent
of the poverty line.
†Standard
error approximately zero because of poststratification
to Census Bureau population control tables.
Note:
Restricted to civilian noninstitutionalized population.
Source:
Center for Financing, Access, and Cost Trends,
Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality: Medical
Expenditure Panel Survey, 2000. |
Table
H. Standard
errors for dental servicesa ―Median
and mean expenses per person with expenses and
distribution of expenses by source of payment:
United States, 2000
Corresponds to Table 8 |
|
|
|
Expense
per person
with an expense
|
|
Percent
distribution of total expenses
by source of payment
|
Population
characteristic |
Population
(in thousands) |
Percent with expense |
Median |
Mean |
Total expenses
(in millions) |
Out of pocket |
Private insuranceb |
Medicare |
Medicaid |
Otherc |
Standard
Error
|
Total |
† |
0.7 |
4 |
14 |
2,879 |
1.1 |
1.1 |
0.1 |
0.9 |
0.4 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Age
in years |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Under
65 |
† |
0.8 |
4 |
17 |
2,545 |
1.3 |
1.2 |
0 |
1 |
0.4 |
Under
6 |
† |
1.3 |
7 |
21 |
128 |
3.3 |
4.2 |
0 |
6.7 |
2.5 |
6-17 |
† |
1.1 |
7 |
50 |
1,466 |
2.9 |
3.3 |
0 |
1.6 |
0.4 |
18-44 |
† |
0.8 |
6 |
17 |
1,000 |
1.7 |
1.9 |
0 |
2.4 |
0.7 |
45-64 |
† |
1.4 |
9 |
23 |
908 |
1.5 |
1.6 |
0 |
0.3 |
0.8 |
65
and over |
† |
1.3 |
11 |
34 |
668 |
2.2 |
1.9 |
0.9 |
0.1 |
1 |
Sex |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Male |
† |
0.7 |
5 |
18 |
1,506 |
1.3 |
1.5 |
0.2 |
1.6 |
0.7 |
Female |
† |
0.9 |
5 |
23 |
1,898 |
1.6 |
1.7 |
0.2 |
0.8 |
0.4 |
Race/ethnicity |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
White
and other |
† |
0.8 |
4 |
16 |
2,793 |
1.2 |
1.1 |
0.1 |
1 |
0.4 |
Black |
† |
1.3 |
6 |
41 |
453 |
4.1 |
4.7 |
0.1 |
1.5 |
1 |
Hispanic |
† |
1.1 |
9 |
32 |
298 |
3.1 |
2.6 |
0.2 |
1.1 |
1.2 |
Health
insurance statusd |
Under
age 65: |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Any
private |
8,688 |
0.9 |
4 |
20 |
2,400 |
1.3 |
1.1 |
0 |
0.8 |
0.4 |
Public
only |
1,863 |
1.3 |
6 |
33 |
367 |
4.6 |
0 |
0.3 |
4.7 |
1.8 |
Uninsured |
1,710 |
1.1 |
10 |
50 |
369 |
3.7 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
3.7 |
Age
65 and over: |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Medicare
only |
729 |
2 |
25 |
72 |
337 |
3 |
0 |
2 |
0 |
2.6 |
Medicare
and private |
971 |
1.7 |
11 |
38 |
518 |
2.6 |
2.4 |
0.4 |
0 |
0.4 |
Medicare
and other public |
280 |
2.2 |
— |
— |
— |
— |
— |
— |
— |
— |
Poverty
statuse |
Poor |
† |
1.2 |
8 |
36 |
348 |
4.1 |
4.6 |
1.8 |
4.4 |
2.5 |
Near-poor |
† |
2 |
22 |
134 |
495 |
9.4 |
8.5 |
0.2 |
16.2 |
3.1 |
Low
income |
† |
1.3 |
10 |
31 |
453 |
3.2 |
2.5 |
0.2 |
2.7 |
1.4 |
Middle
income |
† |
0.9 |
7 |
26 |
1,534 |
2.2 |
1.9 |
0.3 |
1.4 |
0.7 |
High
income |
† |
1.1 |
5 |
28 |
1,812 |
1.6 |
1.6 |
0.1 |
0.1 |
0.5 |
Metropolitan
statistical area (MSA) |
MSA |
† |
0.8 |
5 |
16 |
2,599 |
1.2 |
1.3 |
0.2 |
1 |
0.4 |
Non-MSA |
† |
1.5 |
10 |
43 |
1,369 |
1.9 |
1.9 |
0.1 |
0.5 |
0.9 |
Census
region |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Northeast |
† |
1.7 |
8 |
27 |
1,548 |
1.7 |
2 |
0.4 |
1.1 |
0.8 |
Midwest |
† |
1.6 |
7 |
25 |
1,143 |
1.5 |
1.6 |
0.1 |
1.4 |
0.7 |
South |
† |
1.1 |
6 |
28 |
1,432 |
2.6 |
2.7 |
0.2 |
0.2 |
0.7 |
West |
† |
1.4 |
9 |
45 |
1,556 |
2.9 |
2.3 |
0.4 |
3 |
0.7 |
Perceived
health status |
Excellent |
3,445 |
0.9 |
5 |
28 |
1,099 |
2.6 |
2.6 |
0.1 |
0.8 |
0.5 |
Very
good |
4,684 |
0.9 |
5 |
25 |
1,600 |
1.5 |
1.6 |
0.2 |
0.4 |
0.6 |
Good |
3,479 |
1 |
7 |
24 |
1,089 |
2.9 |
2 |
0.4 |
3.4 |
1 |
Fair |
1,105 |
1.6 |
15 |
42 |
385 |
3.4 |
2.7 |
0.2 |
0.9 |
1.7 |
Poor |
443 |
2.2 |
35 |
71 |
187 |
5.7 |
4.8 |
1.5 |
7.7 |
1.6 |
aServices
provided by general dentists, dental hygienists, dental
technicians, dental surgeons, orthodontists, endodontists,
and periodontists are included.
bPrivate
insurance includes TRICARE (Armed-Forces-related
coverage).
cOther
includes payments from the Department of Veterans
Affairs (except TRICARE); other Federal sources
(Indian Health Service, military treatment facilities,
and other care provided by the Federal Government);
various State and local sources (community and
neighborhood clinics, State and local health
departments, and State programs other than Medicaid);
Workers’ Compensation;
various unclassified sources (e.g., automobile,
homeowner’s, or other liability insurance, and
other miscellaneous or unknown sources); Medicaid
payments reported for persons who were not reported
as enrolled in the Medicaid program at any time
during the year; and private insurance payments
reported for persons without any reported private
health insurance coverage during the year.
dUninsured
refers to persons uninsured during the entire
year. Public and private health insurance categories
refer to individuals with public or private insurance
at any time during the period; individuals with
both public and private insurance and those with
TRICARE (Armed-Forces-related coverage) are classified
as having private insurance.
ePoor—persons
in families with income less than 100 percent
of the poverty line, including those whose losses
exceeded their earnings, resulting in negative
income; near poor—persons in families with income
from 100 percent to less than 125 percent of the
poverty line; low income—persons in families with
income from 125 percent to less than 200 percent
of the poverty line; middle income—persons in
families with income from 200 percent to less
than 400 percent of the poverty line; high income—persons
in families with income at or over 400 percent
of the poverty line.
†Standard error
approximately zero because of poststratification
to Census Bureau population control tables.
—Less than 100
sample cases.
Note: Restricted
to civilian noninstitutionalized population.
Source: Center
for Financing, Access, and Cost Trends, Agency
for Healthcare Research and Quality: Medical Expenditure
Panel Survey, 2000. |
Table
I. Standard
errors for home health servicesa ―Median
and mean expenses per person with expenses and
distribution of expenses by source of payment:
United States, 2000
Corresponds to Table 9 |
|
|
|
Expense
per person with an expense
|
|
Percent
distribution of total expenses
by source of payment
|
Population
characteristic |
Population
(in thousands) |
Percent with expense |
Median |
Mean |
Total expenses
(in millions) |
Out of pocket |
Private insuranceb |
Medicare |
Medicaid |
Otherc |
Standard
Error
|
Total |
† |
0.1 |
176 |
664 |
3,821 |
3.1 |
1.3 |
4.8 |
7.1 |
3.5 |
|
Age
in years |
Under
65 |
† |
0.1 |
278 |
1,446 |
3,284 |
2.3 |
1.4 |
5.6 |
9.4 |
6.7 |
Under
6 |
† |
0.4 |
— |
— |
— |
— |
— |
— |
— |
— |
6-17 |
† |
0.2 |
— |
— |
— |
— |
— |
— |
— |
— |
18-44 |
† |
0.1 |
— |
— |
— |
— |
— |
— |
— |
— |
45-64 |
† |
0.2 |
— |
— |
— |
— |
— |
— |
— |
— |
65
and over |
† |
0.7 |
204 |
468 |
1,713 |
5.1 |
2.2 |
5.7 |
6.2 |
1.6 |
Sex |
Male |
† |
0.2 |
205 |
600 |
1,623 |
5.1 |
1.8 |
8 |
7.1 |
2 |
Female |
† |
0.2 |
240 |
1,088 |
3,845 |
3.8 |
1.8 |
3.7 |
8.2 |
5.2 |
Race/ethnicity |
White
and other |
† |
0.2 |
184 |
779 |
3,572 |
4 |
1.6 |
5.6 |
9.3 |
4.6 |
Black |
† |
0.3 |
— |
— |
— |
— |
— |
— |
— |
— |
Hispanic |
† |
0.2 |
— |
— |
— |
— |
— |
— |
— |
— |
Health
insurance statusd |
Under
age 65: |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Any
private |
8,688 |
0.1 |
— |
— |
— |
— |
— |
— |
— |
— |
Public
only |
1,863 |
0.5 |
— |
— |
— |
— |
— |
— |
— |
— |
Uninsured |
1,710 |
0.1 |
— |
— |
— |
— |
— |
— |
— |
— |
Age
65 and over: |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Medicare
only |
729 |
1.2 |
— |
— |
— |
— |
— |
— |
— |
— |
Medicare
and private |
971 |
0.9 |
235 |
735 |
1,124 |
10.9 |
5.3 |
11.5 |
5.9 |
1.7 |
Medicare
and other public |
280 |
2.6 |
— |
— |
— |
— |
— |
— |
— |
— |
Poverty
statuse |
Poor |
† |
0.4 |
360 |
941 |
1,132 |
8 |
1.3 |
9.4 |
7.6 |
3.2 |
Near-poor |
† |
0.9 |
— |
— |
— |
— |
— |
— |
— |
— |
Low
income |
† |
0.4 |
— |
— |
— |
— |
— |
— |
— |
— |
Middle
income |
† |
0.2 |
268 |
713 |
1,166 |
4.4 |
2 |
7.5 |
10.9 |
14.4 |
High
income |
† |
0.1 |
— |
— |
— |
— |
— |
— |
— |
— |
Metropolitan
statistical area (MSA) |
MSA |
† |
0.1 |
167 |
744 |
3,196 |
3.9 |
1.6 |
4.3 |
7.5 |
4.6 |
Non-MSA |
† |
0.3 |
406 |
1,363 |
1,975 |
3.8 |
1.2 |
16.1 |
18.2 |
1.8 |
Census
region |
Northeast |
† |
0.3 |
— |
— |
— |
— |
— |
— |
— |
— |
Midwest |
† |
0.3 |
— |
— |
— |
— |
— |
— |
— |
— |
South |
† |
0.2 |
172 |
1,460 |
2,465 |
6.7 |
2.3 |
9.4 |
15.4 |
1.6 |
West |
† |
0.2 |
— |
— |
— |
— |
— |
— |
— |
— |
Perceived
health status |
Excellent |
3,445 |
0.1 |
— |
— |
— |
— |
— |
— |
— |
— |
Very
good |
4,684 |
0.1 |
— |
— |
— |
— |
— |
— |
— |
— |
Good |
3,479 |
0.2 |
— |
— |
— |
— |
— |
— |
— |
— |
Fair |
1,105 |
0.7 |
267 |
2,013 |
3,043 |
5.2 |
1.1 |
8.1 |
12.7 |
2.7 |
Poor |
443 |
1.8 |
426 |
714 |
1,053 |
5.5 |
4.6 |
10.2 |
6.2 |
1.1 |
aExpenses
for care provided by home health agencies and independent
home health providers are included. Most home health
expenses (87.5 percent) were for agency providers.
bPrivate
insurance includes TRICARE (Armed-Forces-related
coverage).
cOther
includes payments from the Department of Veterans
Affairs (except TRICARE); other Federal sources
(Indian Health Service, military treatment facilities,
and other care provided by the Federal Government);
various State and local sources (community and
neighborhood clinics, State and local health departments,
and State programs other than Medicaid); Workers’ Compensation;
various unclassified sources (e.g., automobile,
homeowner’s, or other liability insurance, and
other miscellaneous or unknown sources); Medicaid
payments reported for persons who were not reported
as enrolled in the Medicaid program at any time
during the year; and private insurance payments
reported for persons without any reported private
health insurance coverage during the year.
dUninsured
refers to persons uninsured during the entire
year. Public and private health insurance categories
refer to individuals with public or private insurance
at any time during the period; individuals with
both public and private insurance and those with
TRICARE (Armed-Forces-related coverage) are classified
as having private insurance.
ePoor—persons
in families with income less than 100 percent
of the poverty line, including those whose losses
exceeded their earnings, resulting in negative
income; nearpoor— persons in families with income
from 100 percent to less than 125 percent of the
poverty line; low income—persons in families with
income from 125 percent to less than 200 percent
of the poverty line; middle income—persons in
families with income from 200 percent to less
than 400 percent of the poverty line; high income—persons
in families with income at or over 400 percent
of the poverty line.
†Standard
error approximately zero because of poststratification
to Census Bureau population control tables.
—Less
than 100 sample cases.
Note:
Restricted to civilian noninstitutionalized population.
Percents may not add to 100 because of rounding.
Source:
Center for Financing, Access, and Cost Trends,
Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality: Medical
Expenditure Panel Survey, 2000. |
Table
J. Standard errors for medical equipment and
servicesa ―Median and mean expenses
per person with expenses
and distribution of expenses by source of payment: United States, 2000
Corresponds to Table 10 |
|
|
|
Expense
per person with an expense
|
|
Percent
distribution of total expenses
by source of payment
|
Population
characteristic |
Population
(in thousands) |
Percent with expense |
Median |
Mean |
Total expenses
(in millions) |
Out of pocket |
Private insuranceb |
Medicare |
Medicaid |
Otherc |
Standard
Error
|
Total |
† |
0.4 |
4 |
6 |
765 |
1.6 |
1.3 |
0.6 |
1 |
0.5 |
|
Age
in years |
Under
65 |
† |
0.4 |
5 |
6 |
664 |
1.7 |
1.5 |
0.2 |
1.2 |
0.4 |
Under
6 |
† |
0.4 |
— |
— |
— |
— |
— |
— |
— |
— |
6-17 |
† |
0.7 |
7 |
10 |
100 |
3.1 |
2.1 |
0.1 |
3.8 |
0.4 |
18-44 |
† |
0.5 |
4 |
9 |
285 |
2 |
1.8 |
0.1 |
2.1 |
0.6 |
45-64 |
† |
0.9 |
7 |
13 |
403 |
2.8 |
2.6 |
0.5 |
1.7 |
0.4 |
65
and over |
† |
1.2 |
7 |
24 |
310 |
2.8 |
1.1 |
1.9 |
1.3 |
1.4 |
Sex |
Male |
† |
0.5 |
6 |
11 |
394 |
2.4 |
1.7 |
1 |
1.7 |
1 |
Female |
† |
0.6 |
6 |
8 |
454 |
1.8 |
1.4 |
0.6 |
1.2 |
0.4 |
Race/ethnicity |
White
and other |
† |
0.5 |
5 |
6 |
721 |
1.7 |
1.4 |
0.7 |
1 |
0.5 |
Black |
v |
0.7 |
11 |
23 |
125 |
4.6 |
2.1 |
0.9 |
3.5 |
1 |
Hispanic |
† |
0.7 |
11 |
20 |
177 |
3.7 |
4.3 |
0.5 |
5.5 |
0.8 |
Health
insurance statusd |
Under
age 65: |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Any
private |
8,688 |
0.5 |
6 |
6 |
571 |
1.7 |
1.7 |
0 |
0.6 |
0.3 |
Public
only |
1,863 |
1.1 |
9 |
37 |
188 |
3.7 |
0 |
2.3 |
3.8 |
0.7 |
Uninsured |
1,710 |
0.7 |
12 |
20 |
89 |
2.9 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
2.9 |
Age
65 and over: |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Medicare
only |
729 |
1.8 |
15 |
39 |
130 |
5.5 |
0 |
5.8 |
0 |
2.3 |
Medicare
and private |
971 |
1.6 |
9 |
33 |
245 |
3.1 |
1.8 |
1.2 |
0.1 |
2.1 |
Medicare
and other public |
280 |
2.5 |
29 |
53 |
59 |
7.8 |
0 |
3.2 |
8.4 |
0.9 |
Poverty
statuse |
Poor |
† |
0.8 |
8 |
24 |
137 |
5.1 |
1.3 |
1.2 |
5.8 |
1.8 |
Near-poor |
† |
1.4 |
16 |
28 |
74 |
7.5 |
5.2 |
4.8 |
7.3 |
0.9 |
Low
income |
† |
0.9 |
9 |
21 |
173 |
3.2 |
1.8 |
1.9 |
1.8 |
0.8 |
Middle
income |
† |
0.7 |
5 |
12 |
319 |
2.7 |
1.6 |
1.7 |
1.6 |
1.4 |
High
income |
† |
0.7 |
3 |
10 |
492 |
2.2 |
2.2 |
0.3 |
1.2 |
0.4 |
Metropolitan
statistical area (MSA) |
MSA |
† |
0.4 |
6 |
7 |
706 |
1.9 |
1.5 |
0.4 |
1.2 |
0.5 |
Non-MSA |
† |
1.2 |
7 |
13 |
305 |
2.9 |
2.7 |
2.4 |
0.9 |
0.7 |
Census
region |
Northeast |
† |
0.9 |
9 |
14 |
196 |
1.6 |
2.4 |
1.3 |
0.9 |
0.7 |
Midwest |
† |
1 |
9 |
14 |
357 |
3.1 |
2.9 |
0.3 |
0.9 |
1 |
South |
† |
0.6 |
6 |
12 |
343 |
3.2 |
1.3 |
1.3 |
2.7 |
1 |
West |
† |
0.9 |
9 |
9 |
545 |
2.9 |
3.3 |
1 |
1.8 |
0.5 |
Perceived
health status |
Excellent |
3,445 |
0.7 |
7 |
14 |
295 |
2.6 |
2.5 |
0.7 |
0.5 |
0.4 |
Very
good |
4,684 |
0.7 |
7 |
10 |
321 |
2.2 |
2 |
0.6 |
1.9 |
1.1 |
Good |
3,479 |
0.6 |
6 |
11 |
241 |
2.6 |
1.6 |
1.8 |
1.6 |
0.7 |
Fair |
1,105 |
1.2 |
13 |
37 |
202 |
3.8 |
2.1 |
1.1 |
1.9 |
0.8 |
Poor |
443 |
2 |
18 |
45 |
130 |
6.1 |
2.9 |
1.3 |
7.6 |
2.6 |
aExpenses
for eyeglasses, contact lenses, ambulance services,
orthopedic items, hearing devices, prostheses, bathroom
aids, medical equipment, disposable supplies, alterations/modifications,
and other miscellaneous items or services that were
obtained, purchased, or rented during the year are
included. About two-thirds of the expenditures in
this category were for vision items.
bPrivate
insurance includes TRICARE (Armed-Forces-related
coverage).
cOther
includes payments from the Department of Veterans
Affairs (except TRICARE); other Federal sources
(Indian Health Service, military treatment facilities,
and other care provided by the Federal Government);
various State and local sources (community and
neighborhood clinics, State and local health departments,
and State programs other than Medicaid); Workers’ Compensation;
various unclassified sources (e.g., automobile,
homeowner’s, or other liability insurance, and
other miscellaneous or unknown sources); Medicaid
payments reported for persons who were not reported
as enrolled in the Medicaid program at any time
during the year; and private insurance payments
reported for persons without any reported private
health insurance coverage during the year.
dUninsured
refers to persons uninsured during the entire
year. Public and private health insurance categories
refer to individuals with public or private insurance
at any time during the period; individuals with
both public and private insurance and those with
TRICARE (Armed-Forces-related coverage) are classified
as having private insurance.
ePoor—persons
in families with income less than 100 percent
of the poverty line, including those whose losses
exceeded their earnings, resulting in negative
income; nearpoor— persons in families with income
from 100 percent to less than 125 percent of the
poverty line; low income—persons in families with
income from 125 percent to less than 200 percent
of the poverty line; middle income—persons in
families with income from 200 percent to less
than 400 percent of the poverty line; high income—persons
in families with income at or over 400 percent
of the poverty line.
†Standard
error approximately zero because of poststratification
to Census Bureau population control tables.
—Less
than 100 sample cases.
Note:
Restricted to civilian noninstitutionalized population.
Source:
Center for Financing, Access, and Cost Trends,
Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality: Medical
Expenditure Panel Survey, 2000. |
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Suggested
Citation:
Trena M. Ezzati-Rice, M.S., David Kashihara, M.S.,
and Steven R. Machlin, M.S. Health Care Expenses in the
United States, 2000. MEPS Research Findings No. 21. AHRQ
Pub. No. 04-0022. April 2004. Agency
for Healthcare Research and Quality, Rockville,
MD.
http://www.meps.ahrq.gov/data_files/rf21.shtml
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